Importance Of Sports In Sports - 758 Words

Sports have always been a part of my life since I was a little kid. My parents urged me to participate in every sport possible to find the best fit for me. Their focus was to have me always stay active with something that I enjoyed. From soccer to softball to basketball, I found that cross country was the sport for me; I fell in love with running. In elementary school mileage club, a program that the school created to get kids to stay active as well as have fun, was a stepping stone into my running career. After that, I was invited to run on the middle school cross country team in fourth grade and ran on varsity all four years in high school. Cross country has made me who I am today and a big factor to that is the team and the awesome†¦show more content†¦I am very proud of my accomplishments and I learned that balance is a key essential for my life in the present and the future. Cross country was my life for nine years and when I moved to Grand Valley I knew it was going to be a struggle to stay active and fit. Without my coach and team cheering me on at meets and practice, it was hard to find the time to exercise and to exercise efficiently. I have been trying to do workouts that I know will benefit my health, but it has been challenging to run alone. Running alone compared to running with your team is totally different. When the last cross country meet rolled around, I was a little sad but didn’t think it would affect me in such a big way. Since I been at college, I realized that I miss cross country and my teammates especially. I wish I cherished the days that we did mile repeats on the track when it was ninety degrees outside or the races in general. Cross country really did change my life and not being on the team anymore is heartbreaking. I have gained dedication and determination since I’ve been off the team and have been doing my best t o keep running. Sports should be part of everyones life in some way, shape, or form. It teaches you important skills that can be used in the future. Balance, teamwork, and dedication were skills that I’ve learned since I’ve been in cross country. Cross country has been a big chapter in my life that I will always remember. I am so gladShow MoreRelatedImportance Of Sports In Sports1348 Words   |  6 PagesMy whole life I’ve participated in a variety of different sports. At some point every one of my coaches, no matter the sport, have had to encourage me to try and have a more positive mindset. To me, losing or being bad at a sport hurts more than any physical pain I’ve ever experienced. When I was a small child it took the amount of time to go through a drive through for me to learn and compete with other children in most sports. Athletics just came naturally to me. I remember hearing adultsRead MoreThe Importance Of Sports In Sports888 Words   |  4 PagesAs of r ight now, were seemingly wrapping up what was the craziest NBA off-season in the history of the league. Crazy may not even be the best word to describe it. In fact, momentous may be the ideal word to describe the madness weve witnessed for the past few months. Teams began training camp earlier this week, and 12-time all-star Dwyane Wade  reunited with LeBron James and the Cleveland Cavaliers just two days ago. Normally, when star players make the transition to a new team, questions instantlyRead MoreThe Importance Of Sports In Sports925 Words   |  4 Pagesjust lifting weights or concocting protein shakes. Sports are more than an opportunity to go outside and burn off some energy. Recreation activities are more than a way to get in shape and maintain a healthy lifestyle. Athletics are a metaphor for life that not only teaches players about the game, but also helps them discover important aspects about themselves. At a young age, I did not realize all the beneficial life lessons that the world of sports has taught me, but as I experience high school athleticsRead MoreThe Importance Of Sports In Sports831 Words   |  4 PagesSports are more than just an opportunity to go outside and burn off some energy. They are more than just a way to get in shape and maintain a healthy lifestyle. Athletics are a metaphor for life that not only teaches players about the game, but helps them discover im portant aspects about themselves. At a young age, I did not realize all the beneficial life lessons that the world of sports has taught me, but as I experience high school athletics, I cherish the advice the game shares with me. SinceRead MoreThe Importance Of Sports In Sports1356 Words   |  6 PagesEvery year, millions of people gather in hordes to flood massive football stadiums and crowd in front of seventy-two inch flat screens, beers stacked high and spirits even higher. Football and other sports have become woven into the very fabric of our nation, a unifying force and one creating a common ground for people of all different ideas. Yet, the overpayment of professional athletes has societal implications far beyond just income inequality based upon contributions to the national communityRead MoreThe Importance Of Sports In Sports1080 Words   |  5 Pagesseventy percent of kids quit sports by age thirteen due to their parents’ pressure and their excuse is â€Å"it is not fun anymore† (Miner). Parents need to understand there is a difference between encouraging their child’s ability and stressing them out (Braff). Although sports are very enjoyable, I believe that if parents pus h their kids too hard to be the best in sports, it has a negative effect on how they feel about playing the sport because they will get burned out in the sport and they will end up hatingRead MoreThe Importance Of Sports In Sports1043 Words   |  5 Pagesare my top 5. First – The Aggies running game will allow them to control and dictate the pace of this game. Currently, Texas AM ranks 2nd in the SEC in rushing offense, and Arkansas checks in 6th. They are averaging nearly 38 points per game, and have done some real damage on the ground, rushing for 756 yards in their three contests. The Aggies has 4 RBs, who have already rushed for 100 yards this season, including both RB Kendall Bussey (204) and RB Trayveon Williams (256) who have each gone overRead MoreImportance Of Sports In Sports773 Words   |  4 Pagesteenager, my parents forced me into playing sports with the Catholic Youth Organization (CYO), however, strongly contributed to my overall personal moral development to where I stand today. The goal for participating in sports is to be active, have fun, and to have a positive sport experience through learning and practice of fundamental skills. In a blog entitled †Sports and Moral Development† by Michael W. Austin, he uses the book â€Å"Moral Development and Sport, by Carwyn Jones and Mike McNamee, by discussingRead MoreImportance Of Sports1076 Words   |  5 PagesPlaying sports are incredibly important to improve yourself as a person. First, playing sports helps maintain strong relationships with others. Next, it keeps you in contact with g reat performance levels in school. Finally, participating in sports boosts your self esteem. Continue reading to understand the importance of participating in sports. Playing sports helps maintain close relationships with others. â€Å"Playing sports enable you to create friendships you otherwise might not have formed. SportsRead MoreImportance Of Sport1702 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is interesting about sport? Sport: small word, big concept. The purpose of this essay is to highlight what aspects of sport are interesting, further linking it to a specific discipline. There are many disciplines within sport that are interesting, however, from my point of view, sociology is the most interesting one as it gives a true picture to what sports is like within society, in addition it emphasises the significance of sport in society since the early nineteenth century (Bell, 2009)

Revised Scholarship, Practice, and Leadership Essay

Revised Scholarship, Practice, and Leadership Essay Information literacy is essential for leaders, scholars and researchers to help them lead and build the needed skills academically and within their workplace environment. Resources for information literacy are constantly growing to meet todays society needs. To some leaders and scholars, this type of convenience is more of a blessing while other who cannot understand the process see it as a hindrance. The discussions of this paper is focused on leaders without a scholarly background, the effects of leadership skills on a practitioner, the role that information literacy material is on scholars, and the relationship that I have with information literacy and the SPL Model. An additional†¦show more content†¦Information competence is designed to help students to recognize, acquire, evaluate, organize, and interpret the information effectively. Leadership is considered a characteristic of art and science; shipyard leaders must utilize these tools to develop their leadership tact ic on observation, studying, researching, and developing wisdom. If these characteristics are not implemented then arrogance is produced along with blaming others for their outcomes. Shipyard leaders can learn, develop and increase their intelligence with the help of higher education. The Effects Of Leadership Skills On A Practitioner Effective leadership produces changes and movement within the shipyard industry; if managers and supervisors are not equipped with leadership skills then, their organization will crumple. A large volume of failure is placed in the organization visions, their strategies, goals, and their subordinates will become empowered. Strategic leadership is the best leadership style to use within the shipyard industries to help maintain and better the organization. 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Financial Accounting Marks and Spencer

Question: Discuss about theFinancial Accountingfor Marks and Spencer. Answer: Introduction The report has been prepared to present the interpretation of financial statements of a public listed company Marks and Spencer to analyze its efficiency and performance during the financial year. In order to prepare the report, financial statements of the company have been considered for the years 2013, 2014 and 2015 to compare the results and calculate the financial ratios. Determination of financial ratio would assist in measuring the organizations profitability, revenue generation from the sources of assets and other resources. The organization is engaged in retailing industry based in United Kingdom with the reported revenue of around 10.30 billion while operating income 762.5 million in the recent year while the number of employees in the organization reported to 83,069 in the current year. Discussion Accounting Ratios Accounting and financial ratios of the company are measured to determine the efficiency with respect to the profitability, liquidity, investment leverage, solvency and interest coverage on debts. Accordingly, several accounting ratios have been measured for Marks and Spencer for three financial years 2013, 2014 and 2015 to analyze the overall performance and financial position. Profitability ratio provides the assessment on organizational competence to generate earnings against the expenses and costs (Ahmad 2016). Liquidity ratio of the company is measured to determine its ability to pay off the current obligations with the available funds and current assets that can be converted to cash immediately. Further, efficiency ratio is used to evaluate the ability of the company on optimum utilization of its assets and liabilities that helps in generating turnover and returns on the organizational resources. Similarly, gearing ratio measures the return on capital employed by the company alo ng with the capital borrowed as debts to support the finances as well as interest costs used to borrow such funds (Saghi-Zedek and Tarazi 2015). 2015 2014 2013 (Amount- millions in GBP) Profitability ratio Net profit % Net Profit/ Total Revenue 482/10,311 506/10,310 445/10,027 0.05 0.05 0.04 Gross profit % (Total Sales- Cost of Goods Sold)/ Total Sales 701/10,311 695/10,310 445/10,027 0.07 0.07 0.04 Return on assets Net Income/ Average Total Assets 482/8,196 506/7,903 445/7,611 0.06 0.06 0.06 Return on owner's equity Net Income/ Shareholder's Equity 482/3,200 506/2,707 445/2,539 0.15 0.19 0.18 Increase in net operating profit 20 33 - Change in total sales 1 283 - Selling and distribution expenses % Selling and distribution expenses/Net Sales 2,755/10,311 2,747/10,310 2,647/10,027 0.27 0.27 0.26 Liquidity ratio Working capital ratio Current Assets/ Current Liabilities 1,455/2,112 1,369/2,349 1,268/2,238 0.69 0.58 0.57 Liquidity ratio (Current Assets- Inventory- Prepaid expenses)/ Current Liabilities (1,455-798-145)/2,112 (1,369-846-129)/2,349 (1,268-767-108)/2,238 0.24 0.17 0.18 Equity ratio Total Equity/ Total Assets 0.39 0.34 0.33 Efficiency ratio Stock turnover Net sales/Inventory 12.92 12.19 13.07 debtors period Net Sales/ Accounts Receivable 58.25 56.96 71.11 Total asset turnover ratio Net sales/Total Assets 1.26 1.30 1.32 Current asset turnover ratio Net sales/Current Assets 7.09 7.53 7.91 Gearing ratio Debt and Equity Total debts/ shareholders' equity 1.18 1.39 1.58 (Source: Created by Author) Interpretation of Accounting Ratios and Comparisons Considering the profitability ratio of Marks and Spencer it has been observed that the net profit percentage has been increased during the recent year compared to the accounting year 2013. During the year, 2014 and 2015 the companys performance remained stable in consideration with the net profit and gross profit 5.00% and 7.00% respectively while the percentage during the year 2013 at 4.00%. The profit percentage reflects the efficiency of Marks and Spencer to cover the cost of sales and other administrative expenses during the financial year. Further, profitability ratio on return on organizations total equity provides the efficiency in generating income by utilizing the companys total capital, which reflected decline at certain percentage (Biddle et al. 2015). During the year 2013, the companys return on equity was around 18%, which was increased in 2014 by 1.00% while it declined again in the year 2015 by 4.00% represents that in the recent year the company could not utilize the capital amount in optimum manner. On the contrary, net operating profit of the company reflected increased value in the year 2014 as well as in the year 2015 while total sales revenue remained consistent. The result indicates the company could control its production and other indirect business costs that increased its profitability (Marksandspencer.com 2016). Liquidity ratio provides the efficiency of the company to reflect the solvency as well as ability to meet the current obligations through current resources. The solvency of the organization is determined by working capital ratio, liquidity ratio and equity ratio that should be more than 1 as per the industrial standards (ONeill, Sohal and Teng 2016). Working capital ratio of Marks and Spencer reflect positive increased ratio during the recent years but it is less than one, which is not idle and represents the minimum level of available funds to meet the organizational liabilities (Marksandspencer.com 2016). Similarly, efficiency and gearing ratio indicates the ability of the company to convert the cash funds from the organizational resources, which was declined during the year 2014 and 2015, compared to the year 2013. Compared to the results of Macy during the year 2015 and 2014 it has been noted that the overall sales percentage of the company declined by around 1.05% whereas the gross margin ratio increased by 0.50%. This result indicates the efficient management of organizational cost structure even though the sales of the company declined. Besides, result of Marks and Spencer reflect increase in performance at higher percentage that was around 5.00%. Additionally, employment of organizational resources in order to generate revenue was higher in Macy at 11.00% whereas the percentage of revenue generation efficiency for Marks and Spencer was lower at 6.00%. Similarly, working capital ratio of Macy organization during the recent year 2015 was idle i.e. one while Marks and Spencers working capital ratio was lower than one, which is not considered as per the benchmark of industry as a whole (Investors.macysinc.com 2016). Therefore, it can be said Macy Company is efficient in employing the business resources and management of operating activities while Marks and Spencer is efficient in generating revenues. Recommendation Considering the calculation of financial ratios, Marks and Spencer is recommended to focus on managing the resources to perform the business activities effectively that helps in maximizing revenues and profitability. The working capital ratio of the company reflected lower value, therefore it is suggested that the management increases the value of current assets as well as manage the current liabilities. Further, ratio on total assets turnover of the company was lower hence, it is recommended that the management of Marks and Spencer should management its account receivable and other long- term investments so that the revenues can be maximized in subsequent years. Conclusion In view of the report on interpretation of financial statements of Marks and Spencer, it can be concluded that the performance of the company was consistent in the year 2014 and 2015 while it was lower in 2013. Considering the financial position of the company, it has been observed that the organizational resources with respect to current and non- current assets was under- utilized and hence, the revenue in terms of total assets reflect lower value. Efficiency ratio of the organization during 2015 reflected longer turnover period for conversion of cash funds from the current assets employed. Further, comparability of the company with the results of Macy reflected the aspects for improvement so that Marks Spencer can develop its performance and financial position. However, the efficiency of the company in marketability and management of costs structure resulted in maximizing its overall revenue. Reference List and Bibliography Ahmad, R., 2016. A Study of Relationship between Liquidity and Profitability of Standard Chartered Bank Pakistan: Analysis of Financial Statement Approach.Global Journal of Management And Business Research,16(1). Basti, E., Bayyurt, N. and Akin, A., 2016. A comparative performance analysis of foreign and domestic manufacturing companies in Turkey.European Journal of Economic and Political Studies,4(2), pp.127-139. Biddle, G.C., Callahan, C.M., Hong, H.A. and Knowles, R.L., 2015. Do Adoptions of International Financial Reporting Standards Enhance Capital Investment Efficiency?.Available at SSRN 2353693. Contiades, X., 2016.Constitutions in the global financial crisis: A comparative analysis. Routledge. Hailu, A.Y. and Venkateswarlu, P., 2016. Effect of working capital management on firms profitability evidence from manufacturing companies in eastern, Ethiopia.IJAR,2(1), pp.643-647. Investors.macysinc.com. 2016. Quarterly Results - Macys, Inc.. [online] Available at: https://investors.macysinc.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=84477p=quarterlyearnings [Accessed 5 Dec. 2016]. Koleda, N. and Lace, N., 2015. Development of comparative-quantitative measures of financial stability for Latvian enterprises.Economics and Management, (14), pp.78-84. Marksandspencer.com. 2016. Welcome to Marks Spencer. [online] Available at: https://www.marksandspencer.com/ [Accessed 4 Dec. 2016]. ONeill, P., Sohal, A. and Teng, C.W., 2016. Quality management approaches and their impact on firms? financial performanceAn Australian study.International Journal of Production Economics,171, pp.381-393. Saghi-Zedek, N. and Tarazi, A., 2015. Excess control rights, financial crisis and bank profitability and risk.Journal of Banking Finance,55, pp.361-379.

The Relationship Between Religion and Politics in Somalia

Religion is a powerful factor that affects the political activity of the nation. The research focuses on the religious influences on the Somalian political activities. The study focuses on Islam as one of the religions that has triggered the country to unstableness.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship Between Religion and Politics in Somalia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The research includes discussion on Islam as a government benchmark in terms of political policies implemented within and outside the Somalian political environment (Armstrong 27). How religion influences politics in Somalia, especially since the country is unstable. Other Influences on Somalia Religion influences Politics in Somalia, especially since the country is unstable. First, the Islamic leaders espouse the Islamic political system. The system prioritises the Sharia law in all its political policies and procedures. In 2006, the Islamic Courts Union had taken control of the majority of the southern part of the country. Consequently, the sharia law was implemented. However, the Transitional Federal Government fought back to regain its original political hold. With the economic investments from troops arriving from Ethiopia, the African Union peacekeepers and air support by the United States, the Islamic Courts Union were unceremoniously kicked out and the Transitional Federal Government was able to achieve its goal of regaining control of the political environment (Reilly 4). Islamic References After the Islamic Courts Union’s defeat at the hands of the Transitional Federal Government, the union disintegrated into several groups. One splinter group, Al-Shabaab, focused on continuing its Holy War or insurgency against the current government party. The group’s insurgency campaign caused havoc on the nation. Specifically, the group attacked the current Transitional Federal Government’s grabbing of many parts of Somalia from 2007 to 2008 alone. Also, the same Islamic group was very instrumental in ensuring the successful taking control of the internal affairs of Baidoa from the robust Transitional Federal Government’s control in 1998. Second, Jonathan Howe (Clarke 172) emphasized the United States and the United Nations incorporate the religious culture of the current political leaders of Somalia in trying to reduce the tension and bring peace and plenty to the land. The relationship among the countries includes: the United Nations Roster of countries with interest in Somalia’ current and future political and religious environment, the relationship between â€Å"the United States and the U.N. is perhaps the most unique, complex, and essential.Advertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Both the United States and the UN will be critical actors in defining any future role the world organization may play in dealing with massive humanitarian catastrophes resulting from ethnic cleansing, genocide, or human-made starvation. Therefore, it is essential to examine U.S.-UN relations during these entities’ demanding and unprecedented joint effort to help the failed state of Somalia from 1992 to 1995† (Clarke 172). In handling the Somalia political and religious turmoil, such actions clearly indicate that the U.N. and the Unites States approach problems from different perspectives, the United States perspective and the United Nations perspective. The interests, liabilities, and capacities of the United Nations are diverse compared to the interests, liabilities, and capacities of an individual member country. The United States’ and the United Nations’ priorities, for example, are to its constituency. For a nation to act in a democratic manner, it should complete the necessary requirements of its citizens. If a nation experiences severe internal criticism, its government may not be able to sustain an institutional commitment even if the leadership is willing to do so. The U.N. answers to member nations, especially the citizens of Somalia – not to the electorate. For, it would distributed among the 180 member nations of this institution, it is more easily diffused. Conversely, since the U.N. has no domestic constituency, it may become a convenient scapegoat for countries that do. The Somalian government understands the current United Nations prioritizing the United Nations’ member states in terms or prioritizing its scare global resources to alleviate the individual political, economic, processes. Thus, there are other nations that also needed the financial and other attention of the United Nations in terms of brand. Specifically, those who work for the U.N. understandably put priority on protecting the institution and meeting the wishes of a broad consensus of nations. They must res pond to pressures from many different directions. For example, the United Nations may look at a particular crisis in the framework of a global balancing act in trying to meet worldwide demands. A single success or failure among a dozen nation tests that include the Somalia nation test does not necessarily look the same to the United Nations as to the significant nations focusing on the stabilization of Somalia. The United Nations may be willing to trade the United Nations’ assistance in Somalian crisis situation over its help in filling a more significant gap somewhere else.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship Between Religion and Politics in Somalia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Third, Walter Clarke (118) the current religious culture allows the Somalian political process characterized as the foreign military intervention in Somalia. Under the current political environment, the root cause of the shift to the United Nations peacekeeping situation. John Drysdale reiterated â€Å"The idea of having a foreign military presence in Somalia was formulated by the U.N. secretariat at the turn of the year 1991-1992 in response to events in the city of Mogadishu. The former president of Somalia, Siad Barre, had been ousted twelve months earlier. Since that time, the leaders of opposing factions, Mohamed Farah Aideed and Ali Mahdi Mohamed, had conducted a sometimes peaceful, sometimes violent, power struggle. Currently, gunners from both sides were pounding each other’s civilian-occupied areas indiscriminately with heavy artillery and other forms of firepower. The few nongovernment organizations in Mogadishu estimated tens of thousands of casualties sustained by the civilian population† (Clarke 118). The consequences of the United Nations’ response to events in Somalia in 1991 had precipitated to the entrenchment of the United Nations to implement the state ments enshrined in the United Nations Charter in terms of helping beleaguered nations like Somalia. The overthrow of the Aideed and Mahdi after Siad Barre’s overthrow and up to the time of the United Nations answer to the crisis in was an expected consequence. The relationship was maintained by the United Nations secretariat and therefore, was not included in its assessment and plan of action. After the successful outcome of the overthrow of the Siad Barre government, the bitter dispute over political succession to the deposed president, Siad Barre, during the first month of the year 1991(Gebrewold 131).  Fourth, Jamila A. Mubarak (Mubarak 9) proposed the religious culture of the Somalia government affected both the political and economic progress of the nation. â€Å"Somalia is one of the least developed nations in the world. The Somali state incorporates the former Italian Trust Territory of Somalia and British Somali-land, which were united immediately after their indep endence in 1960. Somalia’s per capita gross national income was estimated at only $120 (1987 U.S. dollars) in 1989 and since then has eroded. With a land area of 637,540 square kilometers and a population of about 8 million in 1990, 60% of whom are nomads, Somalia is endowed with few known natural resources, the most promising of which is the oil potential of North Somalia. Agriculture provides the livelihood for about 80% of the population, and accounts for more than 95 % of export earnings and 65 % of the GDP†.Advertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With the current limited pastoral and arable land, insufficient and unpredictable amount of rainfall, as well as inadequate physical and social infrastructure, agricultural output erratically occurs, consequently influencing Somalia’s Gross Domestic Production output.  Many of the newly created African nations during the 1960s, especially Somalia, had very high hopes about whether the effect of such independence could be fruitful or destructive to the economy and politics of each African nation (Froyen 47). Somalia’s social, political, and economic development since independence in 1960 had been affected, more than by anything else, by Somalia’s political makeup and reflected the popular nationalist feelings among the ethnic Somali population in the African territory to come together as one community under the leadership of one person (Pan-Somalism). The other objective had been economical and had no significant aspiration of the Somalian government to raise t he depressive economic condition of its residents.  Since independence, successive governments have found themselves frustrated by these two objectives. Both objectives competed for the narrow resource base of the Somali economy. Governments have juggled them, trying simultaneously to achieve both in order to remain in power. In the first parliamentarian governments of the 1960s, the Pan-Somalism issue, in particular, dominated the political agenda. But successive governments failed to realize the popular expectations, and public dissatisfaction and frustration were widespread. In addition, the religious colour of the political makeup of Somalia can be described as a display of the many significant participants in the warfare in Liberia and Somalia. The political actors held in strict compliance all the activities of the Somalian army with its many sympathizers and other loyal followers. The implementation of a politically viable mixture includes power, legitimacy, authority and r ule. Consequently, the political maneuvering focused on the concept of the Trinitarian war as a valid and useful instructional compliance to comprehend the very spirit as well as continuity in the country’s war efforts. The political nature of the significant Somalian players of power, legitimacy, authority and rule includes the description of power as being operational. Operational means the capacity to affect the rational choices of others. Authority includes the use of legal power to achieve the nation’s goals and objectives. Further, Somalian rule incorporates the persistent maintenance of Somalia’s religion-inspired political situation. Somalian political will includes taking the form of the exercise of democratic rule by the affected individuals or autocratic rule over a huge number of responsibilities placed on the shoulders of the individual leaders. The Somalian trinity of political leadership, army, and people entails that the leading players in the re ligion-inspired political climate actor will be shown to possess a military force and a group of supporters. In addition, religion-inspired political Somalian environment included the armed groups’ use of power. Basically, power, in the two case studies, was used by the armed groups organised by and around, among others, Charles Taylor and Mohammed Aidid in Liberia and Somalia respectively. For the purposes of this study, these two individuals and their followers will be the main focus for analysis. Before it can be proved that these groups exercised power (and authority and rule) after the collapse of the state, it needs to become clear whether they possessed power before the country broke down and where their power was derived from.  Fourth, Isabelle Duyvesteyn (53), proposed Somalia’s political stature includes the implementation of programs that are prioritized in uplifting its economic conditions. Somalia’ political makeup includes the â€Å"the concepts of power, authority and rule were applied to the social organisation or faction itself†¦ politics again has been defined as concerned with power, authority and rule. Evidence will be presented in this chapter that supports the claim that political interests drove the interaction in the two wars†. In particular, the state was the focus of factional confrontations. Political interests defined the essence of the two wars. Actors involved in armed conflict in which the state structures have collapsed do fight for political interests. First, arguments will be put forward why political interests are dominant (Mohamoud 73). In terms of political interests of the defining feature of the war, Duyvesteyn (75) the non-trinitarian perspective, was that interests other than the political were dominant, such as control over resources or ethnicity. However, there is strong empirical evidence that points in the direction of a dominance of political interests. Not only were the factions claiming to fight to remove the regime in power, as already touched on in the previous chapter, but they moved to the capitals to do so. After the breakdown of the state, the factions continued their struggle because of competing claims over the future of the country. First, the invasions were claimed by the military factions to be political initiatives. As described earlier, opposition had not been possible in Liberia and Somalia. In terms of the politics of the strategy of the African wars, there is convincing proof indicating that, with the aid of empirical evidence, offering a Clausewitzian and Trinitarian foundation for the wars in Somalia, which hitherto have usually been described as non-trinitarian. The Somalian wars were triggered by a war instrument through which the aim is to realise political aims, even in cases where the state has collapsed. Politics was defined as concerned with power, authority and rule. By using these concepts to analyse the main warring factions in the two armed conflicts, it can be demonstrated that they strove to increase their power so as to claim legitimacy in order to acquire authority and establish rule. Initially, the factions exercised mainly coercive power, i.e., they commanded fighters and weaponry. The faction leaders aimed to transform this power into authority by claiming legitimacy. Legitimacy was found in existing conventions, such as ethnic and clan identity, patrimonialism, widely shared beliefs (such as the importance of social background), military skill of the faction leaders, religion and symbolism. Legitimacy was further derived from the actions of those over whom power was exercised, illustrated by the support from followers, both in their numbers and in their compliant behaviour. Furthermore, the actions of foreign actors, as witnessed in negotiations and peace missions, for example, conferred legitimacy to the factions. Also, religion was instrumental in turning some types of legitimacy into authority. When authority had been achieved, it transformed to be in the best interest of the factions to perpetuate it. Therefore, the authoritative power had been put into place with less cost than coercive power. The establishment of rule, i.e., the persistent exercise of authority, was possible. The possession of authority by the factions allowed them to create more legitimacy, among other ways by using this authority. However, faction rule faced several challenges (Braathen 3).  Likewise, Einar Braathen (15) reiterated religion and ethnicity combined to create a new political statement. In fact, â€Å"during the dramatic events in SubSaharan Africa issues of ethnicity and contested identities seem to be at the heart of the matter. But the crisis in countries like Angola, Congo-Brazzaville, Democratic Republic of Congo, Liberia, Mozambique, Rwanda, Sierra Leone and Somalia are really be reduced to ethnic cleavages. Clear, ethnicity had an essential part in many of the most conflicts in SubSaharan Africa, in the sense that ethnic affiliations often structure the composition of groups in conflict. As a consequence, religion is to blame for the increasing killings and other criminal acts. Moreover, there is little doubt that one of the main reasons why people are not having second thoughts in trying to kill each other. The religion-based ethic political system had metamorphosed to a certain extent to the identities around which ethnic and national conflicts are being rivaled. The political power that connects the different members of the Somalian community binds them through a process that can be identified as an adjustment or subjectification. This is a process where two meanings of the word ‘subject’ become socially constructed truths: subject to someone else by control and dependence, and tied to his/her own identity by a conscience or self-knowledge. In terms of religion, Einar Braathan (37) proposed the political problem includes controlling the em otions of the residents. Usually, the Somalian individual will eagerly implement an order to kill an innocent person. Specifically, â€Å"Somalia has a new global reputation — the world’s stereotype of abject, total and violent failure. This image is the consequence of the implosions of early 1991, subsequent events of mutual predation and mass starvation, failed international intervention, and a continuing absence of even the rudiments of viable national institutions. Given up on as an unsalvageable people and place, popular as well as official interest in Somalia has all but evaporated†. Some of the references to the Somalian nation may be stated with a sense of combined sadness. Consequently, a once-proud community clearly accepted their dignity and self-respect. They are currently lessened reduced to occurring in the foul debris of their socio-economic and cultural ruin. Likewise, the residents who can escape, are relegated to the status of unwanted messy pe rsons in exile in almost part of the global environment. No one refuses the possible occurrence of the Somalian population. Likewise, there is a popular sentiment to try to eliminate the post-colonial environment initially.  In terms of the religious of the political management of the Somalian Economy, the 1980s time period, as well as the early 1990s centered on the regimes of Samuel Doe in Liberia and Siad Barre in Somalia, crashed under the continuing pressure of the local guerrilla attacks. The end of such kingdoms had not been followed by the implementation of the new laws. The regimes had been defeated, but the Somalian country had fallen. One big reason for the end of the regimes had personalized and privatised the state. The fall of the regimes had resulted to the demise of the nation. In addition, Einar Braathan (109) states religion was also instrumental in the political disintegration of the state. The Somalian disintegration will be pinpointed as a downfall of territor y-wide authority with a concomitant breakdown of state institutions, covering everything from civil service, army and police to schools and electricity supply, and including internationally recognized structures of governance (Hall 61). This does not mean there is no governance or that a state of anarchy follows state collapse. Various political and military structures imposed themselves on the territories of Somalia and Liberia. Guerrilla groups like the Somali National Movement (SNM), as well as the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), had seemed evidently organized (or disorganized) as the Somali and Liberian states. These two guerrilla groups established political units on parts of the territory after the breakdown of the Liberian and Somali states.  Further, Einar Braathan (109) proposes religion aids in the transcending of the discourse on the politics of engaging in war. The two main ideas behind this volume have been a) to shed critical light on the reduction of Afr ican civil wars to ethnic conflicts, and b) to argue for the emergence of civil wars as the result of political struggles over power, resources and identities. The religion-inspired political Somalian environment implements its rehabilitation of Africa by instituting some variables that are generally used to understand the war in another locality had not been preferred of in terms of the African civil wars (Akou,27). In addition, Anna Simons (97) emphasized the pastoral ideology as well as urban occurrences â€Å"Although the previous chapters set forth the parameters of the collapse of the Somali state, we have not yet considered the effect these expatriate and chronological impacts had on traditional Somali institutions, or how they shaped daily life in Mogadishu for the very Somalis on whom expatriates based their knowledge of Somalia. In the following chapters, I examine a variety of institutions that have continued to persist in the urban setting, having been carried over from pastoral sources. Although these institutions have surely altered in meaning and purpose with the distances traveled (through space and time), the pastoral setting itself has also evolved so that pastoralism, as it is practiced today, is not the same pastoralism early explorers viewed or I. M. Lewis studied†. In addition, the theories that had originated from the pastoralism style of religious practice had retained an integral part of the Somalian urban environment. In addition, on the ideological level, we again see confluences: of a rhetorically national Somalia being constructed at the same era national politics requires the dismemberment into some interest parts depicted as both prior to and had ever since independence. In addition, the combining features of all Somalis include the sharing the same language and practicing the same Islamic religious policies that are implemented to help produce a sense of coherent Somalian nationalism (Morrison 13). Clearly, the two areas themselves had been used as pawns of war. In terms, historical religion-inspired political Somalian environment, (Simmons 39) reiterated the â€Å"present decadence of neighboring Berberah is caused by petty internal feuds. Girhajis the eldest son of Ishak al-Hazrami, seized the mountain ranges of Gulays and Wagar lying about forty miles behind the coast, while Awal, the cadet, established himself and his descendants upon the lowlands from Berberah to Zayla. Both these powerful tribes assert a claim to the customs and profits of the port on the grounds that they jointly conquered it from the Gallas. The Habr Awal, however, being in possession, would monopolize the right: a blood feud rages and the commerce of the place suffers from the dissensions of the owners†. Besides, the Habr Awal tribe is commonly having internal quarrels. The two septs, the Ayyal Yunis Nuh and the Ayyal Ahmad Nuh, established themselves as coming from the community known as Berberah. The former can be identified as plentiful and numerous.  Jeffrey M. Herbst (229) insists the religion-inspired political Somalian environment looks to the United States to protect its patrimony as well as economic partnership (Hirschey 289). The lessons of Somalia used for the future United States Foreign Policy includes the United States focusing on the act to â€Å"flex its undeniable muscle for the betterment of less fortunate peoples across the globe depends on defining the national self-interest in a manner that would support the existing imperatives of liberal internationalism against the powerful, quickly allied forces of entropy, disdain, isolationism, and national narcissism. That is the new challenge for U.S. foreign policy and the makers of U.S. foreign policy, wounded as it and they have been by the mistakes made during and as a result of the U.S. intervention in Somalia†.  The above quote clearly shows that the United States continues one of its primary functions of focusing o n its national legal priorities by centering on using force in dealing with Somalia’s affairs with other nations around the world to ensure its political affairs trickle down to economic gains (Foresman 20). The processes of intrusion have differed from the classical gunboat diplomacy to the implementation of proxy wars as well as occupation of relevant areas. It is very clear that isolationism can be defined as the fear of being entangled in the messy imbroglios of foreigners–has always been second nature to Americans. In addition, religion-inspired political Somalian environment political implements persuasive adventures in foreign lands that include the strive for clarification as well as the gesture to override the Somalian population’s national interests, not just to focus on the necessities of Somalia’s foreign policy requirements. In addition, many of the intervention activities include controversy resolutions with external as well as internal disp utes, with criticism generated from some generations from some disgruntled quarters. In terms of the religion-inspired political Somalian environment, Clarke (20) emphasized â€Å"Operation Restore Hope covered 40 percent of Somalia. It was limited to the central and southern regions, and neither UNITAF nor UNOSOM, with some almost irrelevant exceptions, established a presence in the northwestern or northeastern areas of the country. However, the operation had an impact on all of Somalia, and its effects countrywide are the focus of this chapter†. The religion-inspired political Somalian environment includes the use of international efforts to bring back the original Somali justice system that includes fundamental flaws in operational planning and implementation. Hopefully, reflecting the country’s significant concentration on Mogadishu, UNITAF did not generate a successful activity to capitalize on the successful Australian program to restructure the Somali police and judiciary in Baidoa and the Bay region. The Somalian political strategy includes accepting the United States’ plan to proceed with its Operation Restore Hope did not follow successful lessons from the Gulf War, after which civil affairs units in Kuwait aided in restricting the police and judiciary. The Somalian police and judiciary, after the overthrow of Siad Barre After January 1991, was helpless when Somalia descended into anarchy and disintegrated into clan dominated areas. The process of tribal fiefdoms disputes, many areas did perform politically and economically better than other regions of Somalia. Specifically, before January 1991, the Somali National Police Force numbered had reached an estimated 15,000 persons around the country. It had been segregated into eighteen regional divisions with approximately ninety police stations located in the districts and over 100 police personnel. Islam religion on Somalia’s Political Environment Further, Carl Brown (9) emp hasized the Islam religion was very instrumental in the political process of government the nations. Carl Brown reiterated â€Å"others, even if aware that the Middle East contains many inhabitants other than Arabs, are inclined to think that the Muslim world and the Middle East are roughly coterminous. It is true that the Middle Eastern population is about 90 percent Muslim, but all the Muslims of the Middle East still add up to a minority of the world’s Muslim population. Even when defining the Middle East broadly to embrace the entire Arab world from Morocco to the Arabian Peninsula plus Iran, Israel, and Turkey the Muslims thus included are only slightly more than one-third of the world’s Muslim population† (Brown 9). In terms of comparison, the most significant Muslim state, Indonesia, is found in SouthEast Asia. Likewise, the first four Muslim states in terms of population are all outside the Middle East. Those nations are: Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and (surprising to many) India with more than over 100 million Muslims. In terms of comparison, the Muslim population represents 60 percent of the total Christian community around the world. Comparing Islam to Christianity (Schmidt 119), the Muslim â€Å"Church Government† differs from the Christian religious teachings. In Islam, there is no separation of church and state, of religious organization as contrasted with a political organization. Likewise, the difference in religious teachings proceeds to different political priorities (Nasr10). There are several chances to offer adjustments to the assertions. Specifically, Carl Brown (29) one significant difference between Islam and Christianity is that Islam knows no church in the sense of a corporate body whose leadership is clearly defined, hierarchical, and distinct from the state. The organizational arrangement of Muslim religious specialists, or ulama, generates an institutional disagreement between Muslim church and Musl im state virtually impossible. Meaning, an ‘alim may state the many negative comments and other aspects of the ruler. However, the same person cannot canonical call a Muslim â€Å"church council.† In addition, the Nor has opportunities to pass his charges up the Muslim religious hierarchy until a Muslim equivalent of pope or council or synod renders a judgment binding on all members of the â€Å"church.† This, at least, upholds as a massive generalization for Sunni Islam. As for Twelver Shi’ism, the pronouncements of Iran’s Ayatullah Khomeini and the mullahs in Iran points to the recommendation that the clergy there are more nearly a recognizable â€Å"church† hierarchy. This Sunni-Shi’i distinction calls for separate treatment. In terms of the historical bases of traditional Muslim and Christian political theory most Muslims and most Christians have for centuries lived just like most of the people living in Somalia and other countries where there are possible groups of Muslim residents, Even the religio-political struggles within Christendom and Islamdom have usually been intrafaith, such as Protestant versus Catholic or Sunni versus Shi’ I Muslim groups. In addition, Carl Brown (68) reiterated â€Å"a perceptive British diplomat whose long service in the Middle East began early in this century captured the cultural counterpart to the Muslim theological tradition of political quietism in writing: The Egyptian man in the street is very quick to recognize the facts of power; he does not have to be blown out of cannons, or even harshly treated to conform. He will support long years of humiliation and, indeed, of ill-treatment, buoyed by the golden certainty that somewhere along the road includes a banana-skin on which the object of his dislike is bound one day to put his heel†.  Another evocative illustration comes from the great Egyptian nationalist leader, Sa’d Zaghlul, who in an often made public speeches before a huge crowd to express here hope that the day will arrive come when the Egyptian ceased regarding government the way the bird views the hunter. The sense of impotence before Somalian leadership is also well displayed in the story of village notables who had focused on sending a group of representatives to the Ottoman capital asking for the removal of an oppressive governor. When the governor was able to know their strike plan, he called the group to his house, escorted them to a secret room, pointed out a chest and told them to open it. It was almost filled with lots of gold coins and other large quantities of precious metals. Stated that he was responsible for increase the locality’s gold reserves. Consequently, the strikers called off their strike plans.  Also, Carl Brown (52) reiterated â€Å"From this internal perspective it is not so much that Muslim societies failed to link Islamic thought with political practice but that the Muslim self-imag e gave preeminent importance to the ideals of unity and community. To clarify this interpretation of Islamic political thought, let us recall two fundamental points already adumbrated in a somewhat different context. First, the clear relationship of the traditional Muslim political theory for all later thinking about the role of the state and the political community plus the natural tendency of any scriptural religion to emphasize the historical period when the scriptures were revealed combined to give the political model of the idealized early umma an unquestionable part in later Muslim philosophies about Somalian politics. In addition, a hierarchically that includes a structured clergy charged with establishing doctrine never developed in the Islamic residents’ area, the religion-inspired political Somalian environment shows there is no effective institutional way to reconcile differences between religious dogma and political practice. In terms of the roots of political pes simism, â€Å"Islamic political thought or, more precisely, Muslim attitudes toward politics and the state produced a paradox that can be expressed as follows: Islam emphasizes the religious importance of man’s deeds in this world. Islam decidedly does not turn its back on mundane matters. Islam, moreover, grew up in early political success. After that, the overwhelming majority of the world’s Muslims usually lived free of political threat from non-Muslims—until modern times.  Muslims generally hold on the religious philosophy that the early umma, which, unlike the early Christian Church, was a this-worldly religious, political community par excellence. Yet, this very Islam with such character focused one created a political culture that nurtured a pessimistic attitude toward politics and, out of this political pessimism, a submissive attitude toward government. While never developing anything like the Christian separation of church and state, Islamic cultur e did foster a de facto separation of state and society. This separation of state and society was never explicitly recognized as legitimate. The idealized early umma as led by the Prophet and after that the four rightly guided caliphs (and the equivalent imamate of Shi’ism) was the only legitimate model of Islamic government. Based on the above discussion, religion affects politics in Somalia, especially since the country is unstable. The religious influences affect the Somalian political activities. The research shows that Islam as one of the religions that has precipitated to the Somalian country into the political abyss known as unstableness. The research discussion indicates Islam is a government benchmark guide in terms of political policies implemented within and outside the Somalian political environment. Indeed, religion is a powerful factor that affects the political activity of the nation. References Mohamoud, Abdullah A. State Collapse and Post Conflict Developmen t in Africa. London:  University Press, 2006. Akou, Heather M. The Politics of Dress in Somali Culture. London: University Press, 2011. Gebrewold, Belachew B. Anatony of Violence. London : Ashgate Press, 2009. Hirschey, Mark B. Managerial Economics. London: Cengage Press, 2008. Braathen, Einar. Ethnicity Kills? The Politics of War, Peace, and Ethnicity. Velarg, 2000. Brown, Carl L. Religion and State: The Muslim Approach to Politics. London: University Press,  2000. Crishom, Roger F. Principles of Economics. London: Scott, Foresman Company, 1981. Froyen, Richard E. Macroeconomics. London: Prentice Hall Press, 1999. Armstrong, Karen G. Islam: A Short History. London: Moderen Press, 2002. Hall, Robert E. Macro Economics. London: Norton Press, 1997. Herbst, Jeffrey M. The Lessons of Armed Humanitarian Intervention. London: Westview , 1997. Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. Islam: Religion, History, and Civilisation. London: Harper Press, 2003. Reilly, Frank K. Investments. London: Dryden Pres s, 1986 Morrison, Joseph S. Political Islam. London: ABC Press, 2010. Schmidt, Bettina E. Continuum Internatonal. London: Continuum International Press, 2010. Simons, Anna. Networks of Dissolution: Somalia Undone. London: Westview Press, 1995. This essay on The Relationship Between Religion and Politics in Somalia was written and submitted by user Maxx Bates to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Ethics and Morality

Ethics and morality are synonymous terms, both meaning customs in their original languages, Greek and Latin respectively. However, the Greek term â€Å"ethics† also implies character as opposed to its Latin counterpart referring to social customs. Ethike is descended from ethikos which, in turn from ethos which means character or nature. Ethos is the fundamental and distinctive characteristic of a group within its social context or period of time, typically expressed in its attitudes, habits or beliefs. Thus the ethical nature of the gods can be explored in two ways, from an Ancient Greek perspective, and from a modern perspective. However, this exploration from two perspectives violates the term ethical as it should be â€Å"a universal system of moral principles and values â€Å" applicable through actions perpetrated by humans. However, absolute standards are unobtainable and conditional upon the society and time in which they are conceived. Another definition suggests that to be ethical is â€Å"to conform to accepted standards consistent with the agreed principles of correct moral conduct†. Conversely, until Aristotle, there were no â€Å"agreed principles for moral conduct† thus the term ethical cannot be used within the context of Homers society. We can, however examine the role the gods have to play in the Iliad and examine the relationship between the immortal and mortal to ascertain an â€Å"ethical† framework of the poem. Where does our ethical view come from? If it is within us, as part of our â€Å"soul† our precondition of being human then it should be universal regardless of the elapsing centuries and societies, especially if a belief in an ultimate creator is entertained. Indeed, if we believe that this creator is eternal and that he/she bestows our souls, then the idea of eternal souls immediately becomes more viable as they are made of the essence of this creator. By soul I mean the spiritual awareness, the essence of an ... Free Essays on Ethics and Morality Free Essays on Ethics and Morality Ethics and morality are synonymous terms, both meaning customs in their original languages, Greek and Latin respectively. However, the Greek term â€Å"ethics† also implies character as opposed to its Latin counterpart referring to social customs. Ethike is descended from ethikos which, in turn from ethos which means character or nature. Ethos is the fundamental and distinctive characteristic of a group within its social context or period of time, typically expressed in its attitudes, habits or beliefs. Thus the ethical nature of the gods can be explored in two ways, from an Ancient Greek perspective, and from a modern perspective. However, this exploration from two perspectives violates the term ethical as it should be â€Å"a universal system of moral principles and values â€Å" applicable through actions perpetrated by humans. However, absolute standards are unobtainable and conditional upon the society and time in which they are conceived. Another definition suggests that to be ethical is â€Å"to conform to accepted standards consistent with the agreed principles of correct moral conduct†. Conversely, until Aristotle, there were no â€Å"agreed principles for moral conduct† thus the term ethical cannot be used within the context of Homers society. We can, however examine the role the gods have to play in the Iliad and examine the relationship between the immortal and mortal to ascertain an â€Å"ethical† framework of the poem. Where does our ethical view come from? If it is within us, as part of our â€Å"soul† our precondition of being human then it should be universal regardless of the elapsing centuries and societies, especially if a belief in an ultimate creator is entertained. Indeed, if we believe that this creator is eternal and that he/she bestows our souls, then the idea of eternal souls immediately becomes more viable as they are made of the essence of this creator. By soul I mean the spiritual awareness, the essence of an ...

How to Use Respectively in a Sentence

How to Use Respectively in a Sentence How to Use Respectively in a Sentence Today, we’re looking at the word â€Å"respectively,† which we use to refer to something previously mentioned. This is a great word when used correctly, allowing us to clarify how different parts of a sentence relate to one another. But it’s also easy to misuse if you’re not sure how it works. Let’s look first at how â€Å"respectively† should be used, then, before examining a couple of common errors you’ll want to avoid. How to Use Respectively in a Sentence â€Å"Respectively† is an adverb meaning â€Å"in the order mentioned.† We use it when we want to emphasize the relationships between two pairs or items in two parallel lists (i.e., two lists that contain the same number of items). For example, we could use â€Å"respectively† as follows: Paris and Berlin are the capital cities of France and Germany, respectively. âÅ"“ This tells us that Paris is the capital of France and that Berlin is the capital of Germany. We know this because â€Å"respectively† means that the first city mentioned (Paris) goes with the first country mentioned (France), and likewise for the second city (Berlin) and country (Germany). Common Error: Non-Parallel Lists People make two main errors when using â€Å"respectively.† One is to use it without preceding parallel structures, or without a direct one-to-one relationship between items in two lists: The wires connect to the diode and fuse, respectively. âÅ"â€" Here, for example, â€Å"respectively† does not make sense because we don’t know how many wires there are or how they are distinct from each other. To correct this, we would need to write: The blue wire and green wire connect to the diode and fuse, respectively. âÅ"“ In this version, we can clearly see which wire connects to which component. Common Error: Unnecessary Use of Respectively Another error is to use this term when it isn’t necessary. For instance: Dogs and cats are common household pets, respectively. âÅ"â€" In this case, since both dogs and cats are pets, we can lose â€Å"respectively†: Dogs and cats are common household pets. âÅ"“ We would, however, use this term to distinguish between the two. For example, we could clarify the genus to which each species belongs: Dogs and cats belong respectively to the genera Canis and Felis. âÅ"“ Here, without the â€Å"respectively,† it would not be 100% clear which species belonged to which genus. This, therefore, is a good use of the term. And if you need any more advice on using this word in a document, don’t forget you can try our proofreading service for free.

Health care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

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Descartes and skepticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Descartes and skepticism - Essay Example The principle of certainty, which Descartes refers to as cogito is also explained. The researcher has also given a detailed explanation on why the project was very important for Rene Descartes to accomplish. Although it seems that the method of doubt has achieved a lot, it seems to raise doubts about everything that could possibly be doubted and this is not the case. Cartesian doubt remains a strong form of skepticism and the only thing Descartes did, was doubting what was possible for him to doubt. Keywords. Cogito, Cartesian Doubting, Skepticism, Descartes Introduction Descartes was born in La Haya, Touraine on the 31st of March 1596 (Wilson, 1983). His parents were Joachim Descartes and Jeanne Broachard. His Father worked in the army and was a noble man. His mother died when he was one year old. Descartes had a brother, Pierre and a sister known as Jeanne. Having been born into a clan of bourgeois, he was educated primarily at the leading Jesuit academy, where he received a ground ing foundation in traditional Aristotelian-scholastic philosophy. He later studied law at the University of Poitiers (Wilson, 1983). The chronology of his major works is as follows: 1628-1629: rules for the direction of the mind. 1634: the world scientific system. 1637: discourse on method, optics, geometry and meteorology (samples of which method would accomplish). 1641: meditations concerning first philosophy and objections and replies. 1644: principles of philosophy (concerned with explaining on all phenomena of nature). 1649: the passions of the soul. Concerned with the physiology of emotion and possibility of rational control of the passions (Wilson, 1983). Most the works of Rene Descartes were written in Holland and were philosophical and scientific. He conceived his scientific system as the successor and replacement of the great Aristotelian-scholastic philosophy that had dominated European thoughts for centuries. In his career, he strived to win approval and acceptance for h is views, especially among theological authorities. He dedicated the meditations to the theological faculty of the Sorbonne. Descartes died in February 1650 in Stockholm after Queen Christina of Sweden had persuaded him to go and grace her court. Rene Descartes is famously remembered for his Cartesian method that he used to refute skepticism (Wilson, 1983). Cartesian Doubting on Skepticism Skepticism is a doctrine in philosophy that holds that true and absolute knowledge or knowledge of a particular object is uncertain. In other words, that being certain in general or towards a particular object is not possible. The method that he uses to oppose skeptics is the background of his philosophy, which is known as the Cartesian doubting (Wilson, 1983). Descartes method of doubting used syllogism. A syllogism comprises of a major premise, particular premise, which is also known as minor premise and the conclusion. The rules of syllogism hold that if the premises are true the conclusion mus t be true, and when the premises are false the conclusion is definitely false. For example, Any thinking thing must exist. (Major premise). I think. (Minor premise). I therefore exist. (Conclusion). Before he could begin to construct the stage of his work, Descartes believed that he needed, once in his lifetime to get rid of all his former beliefs, since he was aware that any of them were false. He uses an analogy to explain this argument while at the same time introducing his method. The

Age Discrimination in Employment Act Essay Example for Free

Age Discrimination in Employment Act Essay The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) of 1967 prohibits employers from discriminating against employees, or job candidates, on the basis of age. This law covers workers who are 40 years of age and older. An employer must have at least 20 workers to be covered by this law. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) enforces the Age Discrimination in Employment Act. According to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), the Age Discrimination in Employment Act makes it unlawful for an employer to make employment-related decisions based on an employees or a prospective employees age. Here are several ways in which workers age 40 and above are covered: †¢An employer cant make hiring decisions based on an applicants age and he or she cant discriminate based on age when recruiting job candidates, advertising for a job or testing applicants. †¢An employer cant fire a worker because of his age. †¢An employer cant use age to classify, segregate or limit an employee if this will negatively affect the employees status or deprive him or her of opportunities. †¢An employer cant use age to determine an employees pay. †¢An employer cant deny benefits to an employee because of the employees age. In some circumstances, however, the employer may provide reduced benefits to older workers if the cost of providing those reduced benefits matches the cost of providing benefits to a younger worker. In other words, the cost of providing the benefits to older workers and younger workers must be the same. †¢An employee may take age into account when making an employment-related decision only if it is in regard to an authentic qualification necessary for the businesss operation. Age discrimination involves treating someone (an applicant or employee) less favorably because of his age. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) only forbids age discrimination against people who are age 40 or older. It does not protect workers under the age of 40, although some states do have laws that protect younger workers from age discrimination. It is not illegal for an employer or other covered entity to favor an older worker over a younger one, even if both workers are age 40 or older.Discrimination can occur when the victim and the person who inflicted the discrimination are both over 40. Age Discrimination Work Situations The law forbids discrimination when it comes to any aspect of employment, including hiring, firing, pay, job assignments, promotions, layoff, training, fringe benefits, and any other term or condition of employment. Age Discrimination Harassment It is unlawful to harass a person because of his or her age. Harassment can include, for example, offensive remarks about a persons age. Although the law doesnt prohibit simple teasing, offhand comments, or isolated incidents that arent very serious, harassment is illegal when it is so frequent or severe that it creates a hostile or offensive work environment or when it results in an adverse employment decision (such as the victim being fired or demoted). The harasser can be the victims supervisor, a supervisor in another area, a co-worker, or someone who is not an employee of the employer, such as a client or customer. Age Discrimination Employment Policies/Practices An employment policy or practice that applies to everyone, regardless of age, can be illegal if it has a negative impact on applicants or employees age 40 or older and is not based on a reasonable factor other than age (RFOA). The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) protects individuals who are 40 years of age or older from employment discrimination based on age. The ADEA’s protections apply to both employees and job applicants. Under the ADEA, it is unlawful to discriminate against a person because of his/her age with respect to any term, condition, or privilege of employment, including hiring, firing, promotion, layoff, compensation, benefits, job assignments, and training. The ADEA permits employers to favor older workers based on age even when doing so adversely affects a younger worker who is 40 or older. It is also unlawful to retaliate against an individual for opposing employment practices that discriminate based on age or for filing an age discrimination charge, testifying, or participating in any way in an investigation, proceeding, or litigation under the ADEA. The ADEA applies to employers with 20 or more employees, including state and local governments. It also applies to employment agencies and labor organizations, as well as to the federal government. ADEA protections include: †¢Apprenticeship Programs It is generally unlawful for apprenticeship programs, including joint labor-management apprenticeship programs, to discriminate on the basis of an individual’s age. Age limitations in apprenticeship programs are valid only if they fall within certain specific exceptions under the ADEA or if the EEOC grants a specific exemption. †¢Job Notices and Advertisements The ADEA generally makes it unlawful to include age preferences, limitations, or specifications in job notices or advertisements. A job notice or advertisement may specify an age limit only in the rare circumstances where age is shown to be a â€Å"bona fide occupational qualification† (BFOQ) reasonably necessary to the normal operation of the business. †¢Pre-Employment Inquiries The ADEA does not specifically prohibit an employer from asking an applicant’s age or date of birth. However, because such inquiries may deter older workers from applying for employment or may otherwise indicate possible intent to discriminate based on age, requests for age information will be closely scrutinized to make sure that the inquiry was made for a lawful purpose, rather than for a purpose prohibited by the ADEA. If the information is needed for a lawful purpose, it can be obtained after the employee is hired. †¢Benefits The Older Workers Benefit Protection Act of 1990 (OWBPA) amended the ADEA to specifically prohibit employers from denying benefits to older employees. Congress recognized that the cost of providing certain benefits to older workers is greater than the cost of providing those same benefits to younger workers, and that those greater costs might create a disincentive to hire older workers. Therefore, in limited circumstances, an employer may be permitted to reduce benefits based on age, as long as the cost of providing the reduced benefits to older workers is no less than the cost of providing benefits to younger workers. Employers are permitted to coordinate retiree health benefit plans with eligibility for Medicare or a comparable state-sponsored health benefit. †¢Waivers of ADEA Rights An employer may ask an employee to waive his/her rights or claims under the ADEA. Such waivers are common in settling ADEA discrimination claims or in connection with exit incentive or other employment termination programs. However, the ADEA, as amended by OWBPA, sets out specific minimum standards that must be met in order for a waiver to be considered knowing and voluntary and, therefore, valid. Among other requirements, a valid ADEA waiver must: obe in writing and be understandable; ospecifically refer to ADEA rights or claims; onot waive rights or claims that may arise in the future; obe in exchange for valuable consideration in addition to anything of value to which the individual already is entitled; oadvise the individual in writing to consult an attorney before signing the waiver; and oprovide the individual at least 21 days to consider the agreement and at least seven days to revoke the agreement after signing it. If an employer requests an ADEA waiver in connection with an exit incentive or other employment termination program, the minimum requirements for a valid waiver are more extensive. See Understanding Waivers of Discrimination Claims in Employee Severance Agreements at http://www.eeoc.gov/policy/docs/qanda_severance-agreements.html

Feminism is for Everybody :: Free Essays Online

Feminism is for Everybody The following paragraphs are an excerpt from a paper written about the political and social theories of bell hooks. These sections focus specifically on her newest book, Feminism is for Everybody. Throughout her works, hooks maintains a firm belief in the accessibility of the theory she seeks to situate within society. To that end, hooks’ latest work, Feminism is for Everybody, is an accessible book that outlines the basic tenants of a radical feminist theory. More inclusive than many of her other works, this book attempts to address an audience that is completely unfamiliar with feminist thought. In the introduction, hooks discusses the rampant misconceptions surrounding the movement. In her encounters with people on a daily basis, she finds that: â€Å"When I ask these same folks about the feminist books or magazines they read, when I ask them about the feminist talks they have heard, about the feminist activists they know, they respond by letting me know that everything they know about feminism has come into their lives thirdhand [sic], that they really have not come close enough to the feminist movement to know what really happens, what it’s really about. Mostly they think feminism is a bunch of angry women who want to be like men. (vii). It is these misconceptions that hooks feels must be corrected. Only in this way will the everyday relevance of feminism become clear. Hooks goes on to explain that this book is an effort to answer the question â€Å"what is feminism† in a clear, concise way that is not reductive to her readers (viii). She stressed the failure of the feminist movement to produce a multitude of works that are accessible and useful in many arenas. Many of the chapters in Feminism is for Everybody recapitulate and simplify the arguments put forth in Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center. Hooks attempts to diffuse common myths surrounding the feminist movement, and to that end, she suggests ways the movement may become all-inclusive. In the section entitled â€Å"Feminist Masculinity† hooks discusses the dichotomy perpetuated by Second Wave feminists who sought to classify the male as the â€Å"enemy†. The polarization of men as the â€Å"oppressor† and woman as the â€Å"oppressed† propelled the women’s movement initially, but it was not long before women were able to step back and realize that the system itself was flawed (68).

What Can We Do to Stop Abuse Animals.

Recently animal abuse is increasing around the world. People are treating animal as non – feeling creatures. They use them for food, clothing, entertainment, and so on. These are some of the biggest crimes humans are doing against speechless creatures. There are many ways to prevent animal abuse but the most importantly everybody should treat animals with respect. First of all, we have to make authorities aware of the fact that animals are being ill-treated by people when you witness them. Laws will make these people realize their mistake. For example, there was a Singaporean who broke his dog’s legs, just because his dog has eaten his food. One of his neighbors who saw this reported to police. After that this man had to pay $500 for his action. Other examples in Vietnam people hunt elephant for stuck or cows for food. Secondly, recently on some websites appear more videos of animal abuse on the part of young people. This has proven they do not respect and love animals. We should teach them how to treat animals. Especially with a children, you have to teach children how to treat animal with kindness and respect and considers them as friend. Thirdly, always comply with the laws about animals in your local area. And tell everyone to do it. For example, The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA) in Singapore always takes care of animals, which are neglect and abuse. In conclusion, people should learn more about animal. They are like humans and they need love and care. We have to respect animal.

In the 21st Century, How Important Is to Be Able to Read, Write and Speak English in Thailand?

At the present time, English is used widely around the world and also the most spoken official language. Being able to read, write and speak English becomes important for Thai people because of various reasons. English is used in education and in doing business. Firstly, it is important for Thai children because English is used in education. There are many sources of knowledge written in English such as textbooks or information on the internet. If Thai children can read and write English fluently, they will understand the content which is written in English. They can also express their point of view by writing down.Therefore, children will be able to access to more sources of knowledge. Nowadays, some Thai students go to study overseas. Living in a foreign country, English is very necessary since it is a language which used worldwide. Students must be able to speak English because they have to communicate with foreigners such as their classmates or their teachers. They are also requi red to read and write English in order to understand the information in textbooks and be able to finish their homework. Moreover, business opportunities for Thai people can be expanded by being able to read, write and speak English.Currently, many foreign companies are established in Thailand. They want the employees who can use English fluently. In foreign companies, they use English as an Interlingua. Companies’ employees have to interact with people in English. They have to read papers and write down everything in English as well. Thus, it is advantageous to Thai people who are able to read write and speak English. For Thai employers, if they are able to speak English, they will have an easier communication with their business counterparts without hiring employ translators.This will cut down the companies’ expenses. Employers can directly negotiate with their counterparts. They can clearly understand each other business deal. In conclusion, it can be seen that Engli sh is very essential in Thailand. English is used for educational purposes and expanding business opportunities. Therefore, Thai people should realize that the importance of being able to read, write and speak English in Thailand is very necessary. We should try harder and harder in practices these skills.

Drug Legalization essays

Drug Legalization essays Although it is apparent that Americas drug plague is reaching epidemic proportions, costing US taxpayers an estimated 20 billion dollars in a year, the legalization of drugs cannot be economically justified. Despite pro-legalization arguments, the estimated economic benefit that would be derived from the legalization of drugs would not compare to the enormous social-economic costs that would result. The main assumption that is made concerning the legalization of drugs is that taxes on drugs could raise large amounts of revenue. First, this assumption is simply untrue if compared to the tax revenues collected on alcohol, a legal drug. The total tax revenue from the sale of alcohol is $13.1 billion a year while alcohol extracts over $100 billion a year in social costs. (Magginnis, 2001) This assumption also does not take into consideration that legalization would perpetuate the criminal black market. Government regulations on drug sales would open the doors to cheaper, more potent drugs being offered to under-aged users who could not obtain the legal version. This criminal sale of drugs would continue the need to spend money funding additional law enforcement and judicial personnel. The legalization of drugs would also help bring in many new drug users. It has already been proven that drug use and abuse is reduced by drug prohibition. Demand is less when the drug is illegal. The use of heroin and cocaine, two popular illegal drugs, usually begins in social situations. The likelihood of an initial user obtaining the drug from a drug dealer is slim. In one study it was found that almost 90 percent of the initial use of cocaine took place at a party or other informal social event. About 70 percent of new users obtained it from friends or relatives. Only 5 percent of the new users obtained it from dealers. (Edgmand, Moomaw, Olson, 2001) Thus a vicious circle emerges; societys increased social interaction wi...

New Information on How to Become a Perfusionist

New Information on How to Become a Perfusionist If you’re at a party and telling someone what you do for a living, saying â€Å"I’m a perfusionist† might lead to some interesting conversations. â€Å"A percussionist? Like in a band?† â€Å"A perfectionist?† But while not everyone may know what a perfusionist does exactly, rest assured that this is an essential role in the healthcare world. What Perfusionists DoIf you’re not familiar with the career path (yet), here’s the elevator pitch: perfusionists operate a heart-lung machine during surgery, keeping oxygenated blood flowing through the patient’s heart and body while the surgeon operates, and monitoring to make sure the patient maintains a consistent body temperature. It doesn’t get much more intense or life-saving than that- this is not a career for the weak of heart. Perfusionists are highly trained clinical professionals who assist surgeons and physicians in cardiovascular surgery, but also any surgery that requir es cardiopulmonary bypass to maintain the patient’s vital signs during the procedure (including correction of heart defects, chemotherapy treatments, and emergency trauma cases).If you’re looking for a healthcare career that calls for a steady hand and nerves of steel, and you’re willing to commit to the education and training necessary to be one of these highly specialized professionals, it could be a great career choice for you.The BenefitsIt’s lucrative. Perfusionists are a high-paid bunch; the median salary for these professionals is $109,773.It’s stable. Perfusionists are a mainstay in the clinical healthcare world- one of the strongest (and continuing to grow) fields around right now, due to an aging population facing widespread cardiovascular issues and diseases. Because of the specialized training and education perfusionists need to have, this is not a field where people come and go frequently.It doesn’t require an advanced degree. T o become a perfusionist, you need to have a bachelor’s degree, but can complete a training program/certificate rather than a getting a master’s. However, you can go on to get those advanced degrees in perfusion and cardiovascular studies after working in the field, if you want to develop your expertise.It’s a cutting-edge field. With technical advances improving surgical equipment all the time (including the heart-lung machines used to maintain patient stability during open-heart surgery), this is a field where the tech-minded can work with the most modern technology. Perfusionists can also go on to the equipment development field, refining and implementing new technologies to improve heart surgery and patient care.The Qualifications You’ll NeedAs a perfusionist, you should expect to meet these requirements:A bachelor’s degree in a medical or science field (such as chemistry, biology, medical technology, etc.)Completion of a perfusionist certificat e or master’s degree, which includes clinical trainingStrong anatomical knowledgeFamiliarity with surgical technologyIn addition, perfusionists have a very specific set of skills:Extremely detail-orientedStrong organizational skillsAbility to remain calm in emergency situations and throughout long surgeriesFamiliarity with the related perfusion/surgical equipment and the ability to troubleshoot as necessaryHow to Make Your DecisionIf you have the skills to become a perfusionist, you should think about whether this is the career path for you.Are you willing to work a 40-hour week, plus night/weekend/holiday shifts as necessary to accommodate being on call for surgery?Do you have the attention to detail that is required to maintain a person’s basic life functions while they’re in surgery?Do you handle crisis situations well?If you don’t have the level of undergrad science experience or advanced study in perfusion under your belt, are you willing to commit t o a certificate or degree program?Are you mechanically inclined and able to work with sophisticated medical equipment with the right training?Are you willing to do ongoing training for recertification and staying on top of current medical technology trends?If the gut check says â€Å"no† on any of these, then perhaps a different healthcare path would be better. But if you’re willing to embrace what can be a high-pressure, fast-moving medical career, then it might be the right option for you.The Final OutlookIf the job meets your requirements and you meet the job’s requirements, this is a solid choice to make for the future. Because perfusionists are becoming more involved with procedures outside of the traditional heart surgery (like fixing congenital heart defects, treating heart disease, and chemotherapy). It’s also a career path that has great potential for perfusionists who eventually want to move out of the operating room. Trained perfusionists can b ecome educators, equipment developers for private medical companies, or even medical equipment sales representatives. It’s a career path with a lot of different options for those willing to commit.

Largemouth Bass Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Largemouth Bass - Essay Example The blotches give it a beautiful look. The anterior part of the fish has 9-11 spines and a clearly divided fin; while, the posterior part consists of 12-14 soft rays (â€Å"Largemouth Bass†, para.1). They are given the name largemouth because their upper jaw is so big that it reaches the rear end of the eyes at either side. In the first year of its life, this fish grows 5-6 inches. In two years, it is about 8-12 inches; and a three year old fish is nearly 16 inches long. â€Å"The Alabama state angling record (16 lb, 8 oz) was caught in Mountain View Lake, Shelby County, in 1987† (â€Å"Largemouth Bass†, para.2). Largemouth Bass are said to be the biggest predators of the aquatic environment. They become active predators right in the first year of their lives. They feed on zooplankton, smaller sunfish, crayfish, smaller amphibians, and other little insects (Oster 10). Adult Bass feeds on smaller Bass and other fish of the aquatic ecosystem. Since this fish has a large mouth, it has the advantage of fewer predators. However, young largemouth bass is preyed upon by many predators like herons and larger fish. They can survive in a wide variety of aquatic habitats; however, they are most commonly found in quieter watery regions, such as manmade ponds, submerged logs, and rock ledges. They are able to tolerate turbidity and loose current in these waters. They are largely found in rivers and lakes in Texas, where they begin their spawning in spring season. It is when the temperature of the waters reaches 60? F. In winters, they move deep into the sea to find warmth; and in spring, they come up on bays that have become warmer (Bridges and Bester, para.6). They come in shallow waters when they are looking for food, in the mornings and evenings. The male bass makes nest under the water where the female bass lays eggs. Then she goes away, and the male bass protects the eggs that hatch in 5-10 days. The newborns are called fry, and they stay in groups called schools. Their schools are under direct supervision of the male bass. The lifespan of a largemouth bass is nearly 16 years (Texas Parks and Wildlife, para. 4). The Official Web site of Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (â€Å"Largemouth Bass†, para.3) states that: Native populations of Micropterus salmoides occur throughout the eastern United States. Extensive stockings of the Florida subspecies, M. s. floridanus, and the mainland subspecies, M. s. salmoides, have expanded the range of this species from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast and from southern Canada into Mexico. The Florida subspecies of largemouth bass has been selectively stocked in Alabama since 1971 and continues to be stocked by state and private fisheries biologists. Subspecies of largemouth bass have been introduced into Texas, and thus, largemouth bass becomes a specialty of this state. Texas has a great number of bass angling clubs where largemouth bass fishing is done. This fishing is very important for Texas’ economy as fish anglers prefer largemouth bass over any other fish for fishing. The trend of catch and release is growing, especially when the anglers catch adult largemouth bass. This is because most of these are female breeders, and it becomes important for the anglers to release them in the same water after catching, so that the breeding of fish is not disturbed. Texas is also popular for largemouth fish as delicious seafood, due to