film and animation graphics :: essays research papers fc

INTRODUCTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hollywood has gone digital, and the old ways of doing things are dying. Animation and special effects created with computers have been embraced by television networks, advertisers, and movie studios alike. Film editors, who for decades worked trying to make scenes look real are now sitting in front of computers screens. They edit entire features while adding sound that is not only stored digitally, but that is also created and manipulated with computers. Viewers are witnessing the results of all this in the form of stories and experiences that they never dreamed of before. Perhaps the most surprising aspect of all this, however, is that the entire digital effects and animation industry is still growing pretty strong and, the future looks bright. In the beginning, computer graphics were really hard to manipulate but with time the software companies started to improve their programs, adding more tools and key features, which helped the way computers generated pictures, simulating real world scenes. 1 Creating computer graphics is essentially about three things: Modeling, Animation, and Rendering. Modeling is the process by which 3- dimensional objects are built inside the computer; animation is about making those objects come to life with movement, and rendering is about giving them their ultimate appearance and looks. Hardware is the brains and brawn of computer graphics, but it is powerless without the right software. It is the software that allows the modeler to build a computer graphic object that helps the animator bring this object to life, and that, in the end, gives the image its final look. Sophisticated computer graphics software for commercial studios is either purchased for $30,000 to $50,000, or developed in-house by computer programmers. Most studios use a combination of both, developing new software to meet new project needs. MODELING   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Modeling is the first step in creating any 3D computer graphics. Modeling in computer graphics is a little like sculpting, a little like building models with wood, plastic and glue, and a lot like CAD. Its flexibility and potential are unmatched in any other art form. With computer graphics it is possible 2 to build entire worlds and entire realities. Each can have its own laws, its own looks, and its own scale of time and space. Access to these 3- dimensional computer realities is almost always through the 2-dimensional window of a computer monitor. This can lead to the misunderstanding that 3-D modeling is merely the production perspective drawings.

BIG Unsolved Mystery

He swiftly nodded his head as he began to sis his nearly 67 frame off the chair and started towards the bar. (Youth: Famous Crime Scene) Tonight is the Vibe Magazine party also hosted by Quest Records and Tannery gin for the celebration of Friday nights 1 lath annual Soul Train Music Awards. The star studded party consists of celebrities such as Dad Brat, Heavy D, Busts Rhymes, Biggie Smalls of course, and others. We decided we want to have a good time and forget about the east coast west coast drama.I was up for it and excited because I always liked to dance, ever since I got my start as a back up dancer In USIA videos, that's why when I'm In the club I can't stop to party. (concentrically. Com) At a glance I see Eugene walking towards me, looking polished dressed in black crisp slacks with a white button up shirt and black dress shoes, with a couple of bottles in his hand and the waiter staff in tow. The waiter looked of Mexican descent as he looked at me and rested the bottles dow n on the table. He began to ask if we needed anything else but I cut him off by shaking my head and he immediately walked away. Notorious) â€Å"Man Puff you really crazy son! You ternary have me out of it tonight! Biggie yelled to me across the table as the bottles began to flow in. (Notorious) The â€Å"Puff' he is referring to is l, also known as Sean â€Å"Puffy' Combs, best friend of Biggie as well as head of his label, Bad Boy Entertainment. Although It may look like It, everything wasn't lavish from the start we worked hard for this. I was born in Harlem, New York November 4, 1969. My mother raised me as my father was murdered In 1974. I attended Harvard university majoring in business administration.I ran an airport shuttle service and produced weekly dance parties while in school. (phonographic) After doing back up dance I Egan to intern at Uptown Records with the recommendation from Heavy D, and gradually became a talent director rising to the level of vice president su ccessful in producing several key artists for Uptown but left in the early sass's. In 1993 1 decided to start my own production company, Bad Boy Entertainment, where I worked with many artists in the industry among big names and unknown names. The Notorious B. I. G was my greatest success in the business.From the start I knew Bad Boy was going to be a great success and it was. Within the first four years of starting It up, the sales ranged from $100 million to $200 million. Answers. Com) â€Å"Well we out here might as well celebrate! † I yelled back as I glanced at my wrist rocking my gold, diamond encrusted Role I had on that night thinking back to all the everyone surrounding me. Looking around the museum from our table on the dance floor, the place looked like a zoo as if a flock of people Just ran in and started to party as it filled up rather quickly.The star-studded event brought many well-known people from the industry along with women known as â€Å"groupies† trying to have a good time. Men were dressed accordingly to the event, some trying to play it down in just slacks and a button down top while others went all out dressed in designer suits. Some came Just to state a fashion statement as others Just came to have a good time. Now the women in attendance at the party were looking gorgeous and also stunning. It was a bit of a surprise to have Biggie and I with the crew out here due to the east coast and west coast drama going on. Sesquicentennials. Com) It's mainly begun from a misunderstanding between Biggie Outpace, as well as with myself and Sage Knight. Outpace, also a famous recording artist, was on his way to meet up with Biggie nee night at a studio located in New York City but was attacked and shot several times in the lobby upon meeting up with him. Outpace thought the worst and concluded on nothing other than blaming Biggie for â€Å"setting him up† and decided to let his thoughts be expressed through his music and alleg edly claiming to have sexual relations with his wife. (billboard. Mom) This occurred about two years before Tuba's murder in Lass Vegas. It's a little bit of a blur of why Sage Knight started drama but his nephew, cousin or friend was shot in Atlanta, Georgia and he blamed e for the situation which really started the west coast and east coast drama. Accepting an award at The Source Awards, which Bad Boy was also in attendance, Sage insulted me in his speech saying: â€Å"Any artist out there want to be a artist and want stay a star, wont have to worry about the Executive Producer trying to be all in the videos all on the record, dancing, come to Death Row. (Biggie & Outpace) These two incidents brought many rivalries and brought upon the two biggest tragic nights in Hip Hop history. The party began to get overcrowded as it was still bumping; the fire marshals were soon being called. Everyone's sweaty bodies dancing with the museum full of smoke, by around 12:35 the fire marshals ca me and shut the party down. The crowd began to pour out of the party as cars were being brought through the garage. We made our way out to the garage not too long after to wait for our drivers to bring our vans to us.I entered the car in the front with Eugene as Biggie, Ill' Cease from Junior Mafia, and Baggie's bodyguard Damn entered the GEM suburban behind. In Biggies suburban Ill' Cease let down the window and stuck his head out as the women walking down Wilshire Boulevard half naked in skimpy dresses and high heels. As we approached the intersection of Wilshire and Fairfax the light began to change as my car made the left turn, the light stopped Biggies. I began to hear gunshots and with human reaction everyone in my car ducked down quickly.Then someone screams, â€Å"They shot at Biggies car! † Immediately I Jumped out of the vehicle and ran to Biggies car to see that the shooter shot at the passenger door where he was seated. (Youth: Diodes first interview after Baggie' s Death) It all happened so fast no one had a chance to do anything or get a real good look at whom the shooter was and only that it was a black impala. I noticed about 6 gun shots were pierced through the other in the drivers seat. All four car doors were open as everyone scattered to see the condition Biggie was in.His breathing was faint as he was slouched over, but I still tried to get something out of him as we rushed to the closest hospital, Cedars- Sinai Medical Center, which was about a five-minute drive. (Youth: Famous Crime Scene) The Notorious B. I. G, former stage name Biggie Smalls, full name Christopher Wallace grew up in Brooklyn Bedford Stuyvesant neighborhood and was born on May 21, 1972. At a young age Biggie showed he was interested in music by reforming with local groups like the Old Gold Brothers and the Techniques.Biggie was a good student but was influenced by the streets and decided to drop out of high school at the age of 17. He became attracted to the money and flashy lifestyle of the local drug dealers and decided to sell crack for a living. His first time ending up in jail was during a trip to North Carolina, where he spent nine months in Jail then made a couple of demo records on his friend's four-track. Mister Ace, a DC working with Big Daddy Kane got a hold of the mixture and gave it to The Source magazine which got Biggie featured on their popular feature, unsigned artists.With his feature in The Source I became aware of him and his talent and decided to sign him immediately. Biggie Just had a daughter so he became skeptical about stopping his hustle with drugs, as he wasn't making money any other way. When I found out he was still selling drugs I gave him an ultimatum, he either chooses to keep selling them or he puts one hundred percent into his music and trust that the money will come with hard work, luckily he was smart and chose the music. Not too long after Uptown Records dropped me, which made me think and come to the sta rt of Bad Boy, with Biggie right behind as well as artist Craig Mack.Biggie Smalls decided to change his stage name to the Notorious B. I. G. Right before recording a remix in 1993 of Mary J. Bilge's single â€Å"Real Love†. On the sound track to the film, Who's The Man? , Biggie did his first solo record â€Å"Party and Bullwhip† after doing several guest appearances. After getting his name out Biggie released his debut album, Ready to Die, in September 1994. The top singles on the album â€Å"Juicy' went gold as the next single â€Å"Big Poppa†, achieved platinum sales and got top ten on the pop and R&B charts. (Billboard. Mom) In the midst of all of these accomplishments, Biggie found love in label mate Faith Evans at a photo shoot and within two weeks they got married in Rockland County, NY. Although he was â€Å"happily married† Biggie wasn't ready for marriage as he had affairs with other woman and one a little more public with rapper Ill' Kim. Wit h the drama between Outpace and Biggie, rumors began to spread that Outpace may be the father of their unborn child although Faith denies any relations with him. Due to all he infidelities Faith and Biggie decided to separate in 1996 and remain friends. People Magazine) After getting married Biggie helped the careers of Junior M. A. F. I. A , with childhood friends and ended in 1995 as the biggest solo male act on both the pop and R&B charts as well as the top selling rap artist. Also he's gotten in trouble with the law, him and his entourage was accused by a concert promoter of assaulting him after fees weren't paid for a concert cancellation. Then at a later time Biggie attacked two people harassing him for an autograph with a baseball bat and pled lilts.During the recordings of his second album in 1996 he became injured during rushed to the hospital we ran red light after red light going 80 miles trying to save him. As I was continuing to try and talk to him I wasn't getting any feedback and began to panic. We approached the hospital in a hurry. Jumping out of the suburban we rushed to get him out as the emergency doors to the hospital busted open with two men carrying the stretcher. It took about 6 or 7 people to lift Biggie out of the car; we looked and noticed that although several bullets hit him he wasn't bleeding.The actors immediately rushed him into surgery to try and remove the bullets. The waiting room was filled with complete silence and tension as we waited for the results. The white walls of the waiting room seemed as if they were caving in when the doctor walked out and announced they tried their best to save him at 1 Sam. With the unbelievable news everyone in the room looked as if they saw a ghost as they realized someone would have to tell Biggies mother that he passed. The small cellophane was being passed around the room, as we all couldn't bear to call Ms. Wallace with this horrifying news.D-Rock found it in him to call Ms. Wallace with the news. As he got on the phone tears began to from his eyes having her wonder why he would be on the phone crying to her. He began to tell her the news that Biggie passed and she immediately dropped the phone hysterically crying. (Youth: Famous Crime Scene: Biggie Smalls) Three weeks after Biggies murder the scheduled release of his second album, titled Life After Death, went number one on the charts and sold nearly 700,000 copies within the first week of release. He was the first artist to gain two posthumous number one hits.

What Is the Problem That Has No Name

In her groundbreaking 1963 book The Feminine Mystique, feminist leader Betty Friedan dared to write about â€Å"the problem that has no name.† The Feminine Mystique discussed the idealized happy-suburban-housewife image that then was marketed to many women as their best if not their only option in life. The problem lay buried. For over fifteen years there was no word of this yearning in the millions of words written about women, for women, in all the columns, books and articles by experts telling women their role was to seek fulfillment as wives and mothers. Over and over women heard in voices of tradition and of Freudian sophistication that they could desire no greater destiny than to glory in their own femininity. What was the cause of the unhappiness that many middle-class women felt in their role as feminine wife/mother/homemaker? This unhappiness was widespread—a pervasive problem that had no name.(Betty Friedan, 1963) Aftereffects of World War II   In her book, Friedan spoke of the slow inexorable growth of what she called the feminine mystique, beginning at the end of World War II. In the 1920s, women had begun to shed old Victorian values, with independent careers and lives. During World War II, as millions of men went into the service, women took over many of the male-dominant careers, filling in important roles which still needed doing. They worked in factories and as nurses, played baseball, repaired planes, and performed clerical work. After the war, the men returned, and the women gave up those roles.   Instead, said Friedan, women of the 1950s and 1960s were defined as the cherished and self-perpetuating core of contemporary American culture. Millions of women lived their lives in the image of those pretty pictures of the American suburban housewife, kissing their husbands goodbye in front of the picture window, depositing their stationwagonsful of children at school, and smiling as they ran the new electric waxer over the spotless kitchen floor... They had no thought for the unfeminine problems of the world outside the home; they wanted the men to make the major decisions. They gloried in their role as women, and wrote proudly on the census blank: Occupation: housewife.† Who Was Behind the Problem That Has No Name? The Feminine Mystique implicated womens magazines, other media, corporations, schools, and various institutions in U.S. society that were all guilty of relentlessly pressuring girls to marry young and fit into the fabricated feminine image. Unfortunately, in real life it was common to find that women were unhappy because their choices were limited and they were expected to make a career out of being housewives and mothers, excluding all other pursuits. Betty Friedan noted the unhappiness of many housewives who were trying to fit this feminine mystique image, and she called the widespread unhappiness â€Å"the problem that has no name.†Ã‚  She cited research that showed that womens fatigue was the result of boredom. According to Betty Friedan, the so-called feminine image benefited advertisers and big corporations far more than it helped families and children, let alone the women playing the role. Women, just like any other humans, naturally wanted to make the most of their potential. How Do You Solve a Problem That Has No Name? In The Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan analyzed the problem that has no name and offered some solutions. She emphasized throughout the book that the creation of a mythical â€Å"happy housewife† image had brought major dollars to advertisers and corporations that sold magazines and household products, at a great cost to women. She called for society to revive the 1920s and 1930s independent career woman image, an image that had been destroyed by post-World War II behavior, women’s magazines and universities that encouraged girls to find a husband above all other goals. Betty Friedans vision of a truly happy, productive society would allow men and women to become educated, work and use their talents. When women ignored their potential, the result was not just an inefficient society but also widespread unhappiness, including depression and suicide. These, among other symptoms, were serious effects caused by the problem that had no name. Friedans Analysis To come to her conclusion, Friedan compared short story fiction and nonfiction from various magainzes of the postwar era, from the late 1930s to the late 1950s. What she saw was that the change was a gradual one, with independence becoming less and less glorified. Historian Joanne Meyerowitz, writing 30 years later, saw Friedan as part of the changes that were discernible in the literature of the day.   In the 1930s, right after the war, most articles focused on motherhood, marriage, and housewifery, as the most soul-satisfying career that any woman could espouse, what Meyerowitz believes was in part a response to fears of family breakdown. But by the 1950s, there were fewer such articles, and more identifying independence as a positive role for women. But it was slow, and Mayerowitz sees Friedans book as a visionary work, a harbinger of the new feminism. The Feminine Mystique exposed the tension between public achievement and comesticity, and affirmed the anger many middle-class women felt. Friedan tapped into that discord and made a huge leap forward to resolving the problem with no name. Edited and with additions by Jone Johnson Lewis. Sources and Further Reading Friedan, Betty. The Feminine Mystique (50th Anniversary Edition). 2013. New York: W.W. Norton Company.  Horowitz, Daniel. Rethinking Betty Friedan and the Feminine Mystique: Labor Union Radicalism and Feminism in Cold War America. American Quarterly 48.1 (1996): 1–42. Print.Meyerowitz, Joanne. Beyond the Feminine Mystique: A Reassessment of Postwar Mass Culture, 1946–1958. The Journal of American History 79.4 (1993): 1455–82. Print.Turk, Katherine. â€Å"To Fulfill an Ambition of [Her] Own†: Work, Class, and Identity in the Feminine Mystique. Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 36.2 (2015): 25–32. Print.

Importance Of Sports In Sports - 758 Words

Sports have always been a part of my life since I was a little kid. My parents urged me to participate in every sport possible to find the best fit for me. Their focus was to have me always stay active with something that I enjoyed. From soccer to softball to basketball, I found that cross country was the sport for me; I fell in love with running. In elementary school mileage club, a program that the school created to get kids to stay active as well as have fun, was a stepping stone into my running career. After that, I was invited to run on the middle school cross country team in fourth grade and ran on varsity all four years in high school. Cross country has made me who I am today and a big factor to that is the team and the awesome†¦show more content†¦I am very proud of my accomplishments and I learned that balance is a key essential for my life in the present and the future. Cross country was my life for nine years and when I moved to Grand Valley I knew it was going to be a struggle to stay active and fit. Without my coach and team cheering me on at meets and practice, it was hard to find the time to exercise and to exercise efficiently. I have been trying to do workouts that I know will benefit my health, but it has been challenging to run alone. Running alone compared to running with your team is totally different. When the last cross country meet rolled around, I was a little sad but didn’t think it would affect me in such a big way. Since I been at college, I realized that I miss cross country and my teammates especially. I wish I cherished the days that we did mile repeats on the track when it was ninety degrees outside or the races in general. Cross country really did change my life and not being on the team anymore is heartbreaking. I have gained dedication and determination since I’ve been off the team and have been doing my best t o keep running. Sports should be part of everyones life in some way, shape, or form. It teaches you important skills that can be used in the future. Balance, teamwork, and dedication were skills that I’ve learned since I’ve been in cross country. Cross country has been a big chapter in my life that I will always remember. I am so gladShow MoreRelatedImportance Of Sports In Sports1348 Words   |  6 PagesMy whole life I’ve participated in a variety of different sports. At some point every one of my coaches, no matter the sport, have had to encourage me to try and have a more positive mindset. To me, losing or being bad at a sport hurts more than any physical pain I’ve ever experienced. When I was a small child it took the amount of time to go through a drive through for me to learn and compete with other children in most sports. Athletics just came naturally to me. I remember hearing adultsRead MoreThe Importance Of Sports In Sports888 Words   |  4 PagesAs of r ight now, were seemingly wrapping up what was the craziest NBA off-season in the history of the league. Crazy may not even be the best word to describe it. In fact, momentous may be the ideal word to describe the madness weve witnessed for the past few months. Teams began training camp earlier this week, and 12-time all-star Dwyane Wade  reunited with LeBron James and the Cleveland Cavaliers just two days ago. Normally, when star players make the transition to a new team, questions instantlyRead MoreThe Importance Of Sports In Sports925 Words   |  4 Pagesjust lifting weights or concocting protein shakes. Sports are more than an opportunity to go outside and burn off some energy. Recreation activities are more than a way to get in shape and maintain a healthy lifestyle. Athletics are a metaphor for life that not only teaches players about the game, but also helps them discover important aspects about themselves. At a young age, I did not realize all the beneficial life lessons that the world of sports has taught me, but as I experience high school athleticsRead MoreThe Importance Of Sports In Sports831 Words   |  4 PagesSports are more than just an opportunity to go outside and burn off some energy. They are more than just a way to get in shape and maintain a healthy lifestyle. Athletics are a metaphor for life that not only teaches players about the game, but helps them discover im portant aspects about themselves. At a young age, I did not realize all the beneficial life lessons that the world of sports has taught me, but as I experience high school athletics, I cherish the advice the game shares with me. SinceRead MoreThe Importance Of Sports In Sports1356 Words   |  6 PagesEvery year, millions of people gather in hordes to flood massive football stadiums and crowd in front of seventy-two inch flat screens, beers stacked high and spirits even higher. Football and other sports have become woven into the very fabric of our nation, a unifying force and one creating a common ground for people of all different ideas. Yet, the overpayment of professional athletes has societal implications far beyond just income inequality based upon contributions to the national communityRead MoreThe Importance Of Sports In Sports1080 Words   |  5 Pagesseventy percent of kids quit sports by age thirteen due to their parents’ pressure and their excuse is â€Å"it is not fun anymore† (Miner). Parents need to understand there is a difference between encouraging their child’s ability and stressing them out (Braff). Although sports are very enjoyable, I believe that if parents pus h their kids too hard to be the best in sports, it has a negative effect on how they feel about playing the sport because they will get burned out in the sport and they will end up hatingRead MoreThe Importance Of Sports In Sports1043 Words   |  5 Pagesare my top 5. First – The Aggies running game will allow them to control and dictate the pace of this game. Currently, Texas AM ranks 2nd in the SEC in rushing offense, and Arkansas checks in 6th. They are averaging nearly 38 points per game, and have done some real damage on the ground, rushing for 756 yards in their three contests. The Aggies has 4 RBs, who have already rushed for 100 yards this season, including both RB Kendall Bussey (204) and RB Trayveon Williams (256) who have each gone overRead MoreImportance Of Sports In Sports773 Words   |  4 Pagesteenager, my parents forced me into playing sports with the Catholic Youth Organization (CYO), however, strongly contributed to my overall personal moral development to where I stand today. The goal for participating in sports is to be active, have fun, and to have a positive sport experience through learning and practice of fundamental skills. In a blog entitled †Sports and Moral Development† by Michael W. Austin, he uses the book â€Å"Moral Development and Sport, by Carwyn Jones and Mike McNamee, by discussingRead MoreImportance Of Sports1076 Words   |  5 PagesPlaying sports are incredibly important to improve yourself as a person. First, playing sports helps maintain strong relationships with others. Next, it keeps you in contact with g reat performance levels in school. Finally, participating in sports boosts your self esteem. Continue reading to understand the importance of participating in sports. Playing sports helps maintain close relationships with others. â€Å"Playing sports enable you to create friendships you otherwise might not have formed. SportsRead MoreImportance Of Sport1702 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is interesting about sport? Sport: small word, big concept. The purpose of this essay is to highlight what aspects of sport are interesting, further linking it to a specific discipline. There are many disciplines within sport that are interesting, however, from my point of view, sociology is the most interesting one as it gives a true picture to what sports is like within society, in addition it emphasises the significance of sport in society since the early nineteenth century (Bell, 2009)

Revised Scholarship, Practice, and Leadership Essay

Revised Scholarship, Practice, and Leadership Essay Information literacy is essential for leaders, scholars and researchers to help them lead and build the needed skills academically and within their workplace environment. Resources for information literacy are constantly growing to meet todays society needs. To some leaders and scholars, this type of convenience is more of a blessing while other who cannot understand the process see it as a hindrance. The discussions of this paper is focused on leaders without a scholarly background, the effects of leadership skills on a practitioner, the role that information literacy material is on scholars, and the relationship that I have with information literacy and the SPL Model. An additional†¦show more content†¦Information competence is designed to help students to recognize, acquire, evaluate, organize, and interpret the information effectively. Leadership is considered a characteristic of art and science; shipyard leaders must utilize these tools to develop their leadership tact ic on observation, studying, researching, and developing wisdom. If these characteristics are not implemented then arrogance is produced along with blaming others for their outcomes. Shipyard leaders can learn, develop and increase their intelligence with the help of higher education. The Effects Of Leadership Skills On A Practitioner Effective leadership produces changes and movement within the shipyard industry; if managers and supervisors are not equipped with leadership skills then, their organization will crumple. A large volume of failure is placed in the organization visions, their strategies, goals, and their subordinates will become empowered. Strategic leadership is the best leadership style to use within the shipyard industries to help maintain and better the organization. If no one is equipped with this knowledge then, the workers will not take the initiative to improve their assigned work. Leaders will not look ahead and analyze the completed tasks set within a specific period, and leaders will have no sense of adaptability and growth-orientation. Shipyard leaders with no leadership skill will lack in experience onShow MoreRelatedAma: Marketing and Definition5314 Words   |  22 Pagesissues with the 2004 definition that had been identified by scholars contributing to the special section. They highli ght several positive qualities of the new definition and describe how these attributes have the capacity to enhance marketing scholarship and practice into the future. 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Some theorists use the terms ‘leadership’ and ‘management’ reciprocally as if they are tantamount with one another, while others use them in a very purposeful sense to express that they are, in effect, rather differentRead More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 PagesGRIFFIN NEW YORK 65 SUCCESSFUL HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL APPLICATION ESSAYS, SECOND EDITION. Copyright  © 2009 byThe Harbus News Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. For-information, address St. Martins Press, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010. www.stmartins.com Library of Congress Cataloging...in..Publication Data 65 successful Harvard Business -School application essays : with analysis by the staff of The Harbus, the Harvard Business School newspaperRead MorePaulino J. 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As the movements died, scholarship informedRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesMotivate? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 14—Leadership. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 What Is Leadership? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 Managers and Leaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 Leadership Qualities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Exercising Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Financial Accounting Marks and Spencer

Question: Discuss about theFinancial Accountingfor Marks and Spencer. Answer: Introduction The report has been prepared to present the interpretation of financial statements of a public listed company Marks and Spencer to analyze its efficiency and performance during the financial year. In order to prepare the report, financial statements of the company have been considered for the years 2013, 2014 and 2015 to compare the results and calculate the financial ratios. Determination of financial ratio would assist in measuring the organizations profitability, revenue generation from the sources of assets and other resources. The organization is engaged in retailing industry based in United Kingdom with the reported revenue of around 10.30 billion while operating income 762.5 million in the recent year while the number of employees in the organization reported to 83,069 in the current year. Discussion Accounting Ratios Accounting and financial ratios of the company are measured to determine the efficiency with respect to the profitability, liquidity, investment leverage, solvency and interest coverage on debts. Accordingly, several accounting ratios have been measured for Marks and Spencer for three financial years 2013, 2014 and 2015 to analyze the overall performance and financial position. Profitability ratio provides the assessment on organizational competence to generate earnings against the expenses and costs (Ahmad 2016). Liquidity ratio of the company is measured to determine its ability to pay off the current obligations with the available funds and current assets that can be converted to cash immediately. Further, efficiency ratio is used to evaluate the ability of the company on optimum utilization of its assets and liabilities that helps in generating turnover and returns on the organizational resources. Similarly, gearing ratio measures the return on capital employed by the company alo ng with the capital borrowed as debts to support the finances as well as interest costs used to borrow such funds (Saghi-Zedek and Tarazi 2015). 2015 2014 2013 (Amount- millions in GBP) Profitability ratio Net profit % Net Profit/ Total Revenue 482/10,311 506/10,310 445/10,027 0.05 0.05 0.04 Gross profit % (Total Sales- Cost of Goods Sold)/ Total Sales 701/10,311 695/10,310 445/10,027 0.07 0.07 0.04 Return on assets Net Income/ Average Total Assets 482/8,196 506/7,903 445/7,611 0.06 0.06 0.06 Return on owner's equity Net Income/ Shareholder's Equity 482/3,200 506/2,707 445/2,539 0.15 0.19 0.18 Increase in net operating profit 20 33 - Change in total sales 1 283 - Selling and distribution expenses % Selling and distribution expenses/Net Sales 2,755/10,311 2,747/10,310 2,647/10,027 0.27 0.27 0.26 Liquidity ratio Working capital ratio Current Assets/ Current Liabilities 1,455/2,112 1,369/2,349 1,268/2,238 0.69 0.58 0.57 Liquidity ratio (Current Assets- Inventory- Prepaid expenses)/ Current Liabilities (1,455-798-145)/2,112 (1,369-846-129)/2,349 (1,268-767-108)/2,238 0.24 0.17 0.18 Equity ratio Total Equity/ Total Assets 0.39 0.34 0.33 Efficiency ratio Stock turnover Net sales/Inventory 12.92 12.19 13.07 debtors period Net Sales/ Accounts Receivable 58.25 56.96 71.11 Total asset turnover ratio Net sales/Total Assets 1.26 1.30 1.32 Current asset turnover ratio Net sales/Current Assets 7.09 7.53 7.91 Gearing ratio Debt and Equity Total debts/ shareholders' equity 1.18 1.39 1.58 (Source: Created by Author) Interpretation of Accounting Ratios and Comparisons Considering the profitability ratio of Marks and Spencer it has been observed that the net profit percentage has been increased during the recent year compared to the accounting year 2013. During the year, 2014 and 2015 the companys performance remained stable in consideration with the net profit and gross profit 5.00% and 7.00% respectively while the percentage during the year 2013 at 4.00%. The profit percentage reflects the efficiency of Marks and Spencer to cover the cost of sales and other administrative expenses during the financial year. Further, profitability ratio on return on organizations total equity provides the efficiency in generating income by utilizing the companys total capital, which reflected decline at certain percentage (Biddle et al. 2015). During the year 2013, the companys return on equity was around 18%, which was increased in 2014 by 1.00% while it declined again in the year 2015 by 4.00% represents that in the recent year the company could not utilize the capital amount in optimum manner. On the contrary, net operating profit of the company reflected increased value in the year 2014 as well as in the year 2015 while total sales revenue remained consistent. The result indicates the company could control its production and other indirect business costs that increased its profitability (Marksandspencer.com 2016). Liquidity ratio provides the efficiency of the company to reflect the solvency as well as ability to meet the current obligations through current resources. The solvency of the organization is determined by working capital ratio, liquidity ratio and equity ratio that should be more than 1 as per the industrial standards (ONeill, Sohal and Teng 2016). Working capital ratio of Marks and Spencer reflect positive increased ratio during the recent years but it is less than one, which is not idle and represents the minimum level of available funds to meet the organizational liabilities (Marksandspencer.com 2016). Similarly, efficiency and gearing ratio indicates the ability of the company to convert the cash funds from the organizational resources, which was declined during the year 2014 and 2015, compared to the year 2013. Compared to the results of Macy during the year 2015 and 2014 it has been noted that the overall sales percentage of the company declined by around 1.05% whereas the gross margin ratio increased by 0.50%. This result indicates the efficient management of organizational cost structure even though the sales of the company declined. Besides, result of Marks and Spencer reflect increase in performance at higher percentage that was around 5.00%. Additionally, employment of organizational resources in order to generate revenue was higher in Macy at 11.00% whereas the percentage of revenue generation efficiency for Marks and Spencer was lower at 6.00%. Similarly, working capital ratio of Macy organization during the recent year 2015 was idle i.e. one while Marks and Spencers working capital ratio was lower than one, which is not considered as per the benchmark of industry as a whole (Investors.macysinc.com 2016). Therefore, it can be said Macy Company is efficient in employing the business resources and management of operating activities while Marks and Spencer is efficient in generating revenues. Recommendation Considering the calculation of financial ratios, Marks and Spencer is recommended to focus on managing the resources to perform the business activities effectively that helps in maximizing revenues and profitability. The working capital ratio of the company reflected lower value, therefore it is suggested that the management increases the value of current assets as well as manage the current liabilities. Further, ratio on total assets turnover of the company was lower hence, it is recommended that the management of Marks and Spencer should management its account receivable and other long- term investments so that the revenues can be maximized in subsequent years. Conclusion In view of the report on interpretation of financial statements of Marks and Spencer, it can be concluded that the performance of the company was consistent in the year 2014 and 2015 while it was lower in 2013. Considering the financial position of the company, it has been observed that the organizational resources with respect to current and non- current assets was under- utilized and hence, the revenue in terms of total assets reflect lower value. Efficiency ratio of the organization during 2015 reflected longer turnover period for conversion of cash funds from the current assets employed. Further, comparability of the company with the results of Macy reflected the aspects for improvement so that Marks Spencer can develop its performance and financial position. However, the efficiency of the company in marketability and management of costs structure resulted in maximizing its overall revenue. Reference List and Bibliography Ahmad, R., 2016. A Study of Relationship between Liquidity and Profitability of Standard Chartered Bank Pakistan: Analysis of Financial Statement Approach.Global Journal of Management And Business Research,16(1). Basti, E., Bayyurt, N. and Akin, A., 2016. A comparative performance analysis of foreign and domestic manufacturing companies in Turkey.European Journal of Economic and Political Studies,4(2), pp.127-139. Biddle, G.C., Callahan, C.M., Hong, H.A. and Knowles, R.L., 2015. Do Adoptions of International Financial Reporting Standards Enhance Capital Investment Efficiency?.Available at SSRN 2353693. Contiades, X., 2016.Constitutions in the global financial crisis: A comparative analysis. Routledge. Hailu, A.Y. and Venkateswarlu, P., 2016. Effect of working capital management on firms profitability evidence from manufacturing companies in eastern, Ethiopia.IJAR,2(1), pp.643-647. Investors.macysinc.com. 2016. Quarterly Results - Macys, Inc.. [online] Available at: https://investors.macysinc.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=84477p=quarterlyearnings [Accessed 5 Dec. 2016]. Koleda, N. and Lace, N., 2015. Development of comparative-quantitative measures of financial stability for Latvian enterprises.Economics and Management, (14), pp.78-84. Marksandspencer.com. 2016. Welcome to Marks Spencer. [online] Available at: https://www.marksandspencer.com/ [Accessed 4 Dec. 2016]. ONeill, P., Sohal, A. and Teng, C.W., 2016. Quality management approaches and their impact on firms? financial performanceAn Australian study.International Journal of Production Economics,171, pp.381-393. Saghi-Zedek, N. and Tarazi, A., 2015. Excess control rights, financial crisis and bank profitability and risk.Journal of Banking Finance,55, pp.361-379.

The Relationship Between Religion and Politics in Somalia

Religion is a powerful factor that affects the political activity of the nation. The research focuses on the religious influences on the Somalian political activities. The study focuses on Islam as one of the religions that has triggered the country to unstableness.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship Between Religion and Politics in Somalia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The research includes discussion on Islam as a government benchmark in terms of political policies implemented within and outside the Somalian political environment (Armstrong 27). How religion influences politics in Somalia, especially since the country is unstable. Other Influences on Somalia Religion influences Politics in Somalia, especially since the country is unstable. First, the Islamic leaders espouse the Islamic political system. The system prioritises the Sharia law in all its political policies and procedures. In 2006, the Islamic Courts Union had taken control of the majority of the southern part of the country. Consequently, the sharia law was implemented. However, the Transitional Federal Government fought back to regain its original political hold. With the economic investments from troops arriving from Ethiopia, the African Union peacekeepers and air support by the United States, the Islamic Courts Union were unceremoniously kicked out and the Transitional Federal Government was able to achieve its goal of regaining control of the political environment (Reilly 4). Islamic References After the Islamic Courts Union’s defeat at the hands of the Transitional Federal Government, the union disintegrated into several groups. One splinter group, Al-Shabaab, focused on continuing its Holy War or insurgency against the current government party. The group’s insurgency campaign caused havoc on the nation. Specifically, the group attacked the current Transitional Federal Government’s grabbing of many parts of Somalia from 2007 to 2008 alone. Also, the same Islamic group was very instrumental in ensuring the successful taking control of the internal affairs of Baidoa from the robust Transitional Federal Government’s control in 1998. Second, Jonathan Howe (Clarke 172) emphasized the United States and the United Nations incorporate the religious culture of the current political leaders of Somalia in trying to reduce the tension and bring peace and plenty to the land. The relationship among the countries includes: the United Nations Roster of countries with interest in Somalia’ current and future political and religious environment, the relationship between â€Å"the United States and the U.N. is perhaps the most unique, complex, and essential.Advertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Both the United States and the UN will be critical actors in defining any future role the world organization may play in dealing with massive humanitarian catastrophes resulting from ethnic cleansing, genocide, or human-made starvation. Therefore, it is essential to examine U.S.-UN relations during these entities’ demanding and unprecedented joint effort to help the failed state of Somalia from 1992 to 1995† (Clarke 172). In handling the Somalia political and religious turmoil, such actions clearly indicate that the U.N. and the Unites States approach problems from different perspectives, the United States perspective and the United Nations perspective. The interests, liabilities, and capacities of the United Nations are diverse compared to the interests, liabilities, and capacities of an individual member country. The United States’ and the United Nations’ priorities, for example, are to its constituency. For a nation to act in a democratic manner, it should complete the necessary requirements of its citizens. If a nation experiences severe internal criticism, its government may not be able to sustain an institutional commitment even if the leadership is willing to do so. The U.N. answers to member nations, especially the citizens of Somalia – not to the electorate. For, it would distributed among the 180 member nations of this institution, it is more easily diffused. Conversely, since the U.N. has no domestic constituency, it may become a convenient scapegoat for countries that do. The Somalian government understands the current United Nations prioritizing the United Nations’ member states in terms or prioritizing its scare global resources to alleviate the individual political, economic, processes. Thus, there are other nations that also needed the financial and other attention of the United Nations in terms of brand. Specifically, those who work for the U.N. understandably put priority on protecting the institution and meeting the wishes of a broad consensus of nations. They must res pond to pressures from many different directions. For example, the United Nations may look at a particular crisis in the framework of a global balancing act in trying to meet worldwide demands. A single success or failure among a dozen nation tests that include the Somalia nation test does not necessarily look the same to the United Nations as to the significant nations focusing on the stabilization of Somalia. The United Nations may be willing to trade the United Nations’ assistance in Somalian crisis situation over its help in filling a more significant gap somewhere else.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship Between Religion and Politics in Somalia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Third, Walter Clarke (118) the current religious culture allows the Somalian political process characterized as the foreign military intervention in Somalia. Under the current political environment, the root cause of the shift to the United Nations peacekeeping situation. John Drysdale reiterated â€Å"The idea of having a foreign military presence in Somalia was formulated by the U.N. secretariat at the turn of the year 1991-1992 in response to events in the city of Mogadishu. The former president of Somalia, Siad Barre, had been ousted twelve months earlier. Since that time, the leaders of opposing factions, Mohamed Farah Aideed and Ali Mahdi Mohamed, had conducted a sometimes peaceful, sometimes violent, power struggle. Currently, gunners from both sides were pounding each other’s civilian-occupied areas indiscriminately with heavy artillery and other forms of firepower. The few nongovernment organizations in Mogadishu estimated tens of thousands of casualties sustained by the civilian population† (Clarke 118). The consequences of the United Nations’ response to events in Somalia in 1991 had precipitated to the entrenchment of the United Nations to implement the state ments enshrined in the United Nations Charter in terms of helping beleaguered nations like Somalia. The overthrow of the Aideed and Mahdi after Siad Barre’s overthrow and up to the time of the United Nations answer to the crisis in was an expected consequence. The relationship was maintained by the United Nations secretariat and therefore, was not included in its assessment and plan of action. After the successful outcome of the overthrow of the Siad Barre government, the bitter dispute over political succession to the deposed president, Siad Barre, during the first month of the year 1991(Gebrewold 131).  Fourth, Jamila A. Mubarak (Mubarak 9) proposed the religious culture of the Somalia government affected both the political and economic progress of the nation. â€Å"Somalia is one of the least developed nations in the world. The Somali state incorporates the former Italian Trust Territory of Somalia and British Somali-land, which were united immediately after their indep endence in 1960. Somalia’s per capita gross national income was estimated at only $120 (1987 U.S. dollars) in 1989 and since then has eroded. With a land area of 637,540 square kilometers and a population of about 8 million in 1990, 60% of whom are nomads, Somalia is endowed with few known natural resources, the most promising of which is the oil potential of North Somalia. Agriculture provides the livelihood for about 80% of the population, and accounts for more than 95 % of export earnings and 65 % of the GDP†.Advertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With the current limited pastoral and arable land, insufficient and unpredictable amount of rainfall, as well as inadequate physical and social infrastructure, agricultural output erratically occurs, consequently influencing Somalia’s Gross Domestic Production output.  Many of the newly created African nations during the 1960s, especially Somalia, had very high hopes about whether the effect of such independence could be fruitful or destructive to the economy and politics of each African nation (Froyen 47). Somalia’s social, political, and economic development since independence in 1960 had been affected, more than by anything else, by Somalia’s political makeup and reflected the popular nationalist feelings among the ethnic Somali population in the African territory to come together as one community under the leadership of one person (Pan-Somalism). The other objective had been economical and had no significant aspiration of the Somalian government to raise t he depressive economic condition of its residents.  Since independence, successive governments have found themselves frustrated by these two objectives. Both objectives competed for the narrow resource base of the Somali economy. Governments have juggled them, trying simultaneously to achieve both in order to remain in power. In the first parliamentarian governments of the 1960s, the Pan-Somalism issue, in particular, dominated the political agenda. But successive governments failed to realize the popular expectations, and public dissatisfaction and frustration were widespread. In addition, the religious colour of the political makeup of Somalia can be described as a display of the many significant participants in the warfare in Liberia and Somalia. The political actors held in strict compliance all the activities of the Somalian army with its many sympathizers and other loyal followers. The implementation of a politically viable mixture includes power, legitimacy, authority and r ule. Consequently, the political maneuvering focused on the concept of the Trinitarian war as a valid and useful instructional compliance to comprehend the very spirit as well as continuity in the country’s war efforts. The political nature of the significant Somalian players of power, legitimacy, authority and rule includes the description of power as being operational. Operational means the capacity to affect the rational choices of others. Authority includes the use of legal power to achieve the nation’s goals and objectives. Further, Somalian rule incorporates the persistent maintenance of Somalia’s religion-inspired political situation. Somalian political will includes taking the form of the exercise of democratic rule by the affected individuals or autocratic rule over a huge number of responsibilities placed on the shoulders of the individual leaders. The Somalian trinity of political leadership, army, and people entails that the leading players in the re ligion-inspired political climate actor will be shown to possess a military force and a group of supporters. In addition, religion-inspired political Somalian environment included the armed groups’ use of power. Basically, power, in the two case studies, was used by the armed groups organised by and around, among others, Charles Taylor and Mohammed Aidid in Liberia and Somalia respectively. For the purposes of this study, these two individuals and their followers will be the main focus for analysis. Before it can be proved that these groups exercised power (and authority and rule) after the collapse of the state, it needs to become clear whether they possessed power before the country broke down and where their power was derived from.  Fourth, Isabelle Duyvesteyn (53), proposed Somalia’s political stature includes the implementation of programs that are prioritized in uplifting its economic conditions. Somalia’ political makeup includes the â€Å"the concepts of power, authority and rule were applied to the social organisation or faction itself†¦ politics again has been defined as concerned with power, authority and rule. Evidence will be presented in this chapter that supports the claim that political interests drove the interaction in the two wars†. In particular, the state was the focus of factional confrontations. Political interests defined the essence of the two wars. Actors involved in armed conflict in which the state structures have collapsed do fight for political interests. First, arguments will be put forward why political interests are dominant (Mohamoud 73). In terms of political interests of the defining feature of the war, Duyvesteyn (75) the non-trinitarian perspective, was that interests other than the political were dominant, such as control over resources or ethnicity. However, there is strong empirical evidence that points in the direction of a dominance of political interests. Not only were the factions claiming to fight to remove the regime in power, as already touched on in the previous chapter, but they moved to the capitals to do so. After the breakdown of the state, the factions continued their struggle because of competing claims over the future of the country. First, the invasions were claimed by the military factions to be political initiatives. As described earlier, opposition had not been possible in Liberia and Somalia. In terms of the politics of the strategy of the African wars, there is convincing proof indicating that, with the aid of empirical evidence, offering a Clausewitzian and Trinitarian foundation for the wars in Somalia, which hitherto have usually been described as non-trinitarian. The Somalian wars were triggered by a war instrument through which the aim is to realise political aims, even in cases where the state has collapsed. Politics was defined as concerned with power, authority and rule. By using these concepts to analyse the main warring factions in the two armed conflicts, it can be demonstrated that they strove to increase their power so as to claim legitimacy in order to acquire authority and establish rule. Initially, the factions exercised mainly coercive power, i.e., they commanded fighters and weaponry. The faction leaders aimed to transform this power into authority by claiming legitimacy. Legitimacy was found in existing conventions, such as ethnic and clan identity, patrimonialism, widely shared beliefs (such as the importance of social background), military skill of the faction leaders, religion and symbolism. Legitimacy was further derived from the actions of those over whom power was exercised, illustrated by the support from followers, both in their numbers and in their compliant behaviour. Furthermore, the actions of foreign actors, as witnessed in negotiations and peace missions, for example, conferred legitimacy to the factions. Also, religion was instrumental in turning some types of legitimacy into authority. When authority had been achieved, it transformed to be in the best interest of the factions to perpetuate it. Therefore, the authoritative power had been put into place with less cost than coercive power. The establishment of rule, i.e., the persistent exercise of authority, was possible. The possession of authority by the factions allowed them to create more legitimacy, among other ways by using this authority. However, faction rule faced several challenges (Braathen 3).  Likewise, Einar Braathen (15) reiterated religion and ethnicity combined to create a new political statement. In fact, â€Å"during the dramatic events in SubSaharan Africa issues of ethnicity and contested identities seem to be at the heart of the matter. But the crisis in countries like Angola, Congo-Brazzaville, Democratic Republic of Congo, Liberia, Mozambique, Rwanda, Sierra Leone and Somalia are really be reduced to ethnic cleavages. Clear, ethnicity had an essential part in many of the most conflicts in SubSaharan Africa, in the sense that ethnic affiliations often structure the composition of groups in conflict. As a consequence, religion is to blame for the increasing killings and other criminal acts. Moreover, there is little doubt that one of the main reasons why people are not having second thoughts in trying to kill each other. The religion-based ethic political system had metamorphosed to a certain extent to the identities around which ethnic and national conflicts are being rivaled. The political power that connects the different members of the Somalian community binds them through a process that can be identified as an adjustment or subjectification. This is a process where two meanings of the word ‘subject’ become socially constructed truths: subject to someone else by control and dependence, and tied to his/her own identity by a conscience or self-knowledge. In terms of religion, Einar Braathan (37) proposed the political problem includes controlling the em otions of the residents. Usually, the Somalian individual will eagerly implement an order to kill an innocent person. Specifically, â€Å"Somalia has a new global reputation — the world’s stereotype of abject, total and violent failure. This image is the consequence of the implosions of early 1991, subsequent events of mutual predation and mass starvation, failed international intervention, and a continuing absence of even the rudiments of viable national institutions. Given up on as an unsalvageable people and place, popular as well as official interest in Somalia has all but evaporated†. Some of the references to the Somalian nation may be stated with a sense of combined sadness. Consequently, a once-proud community clearly accepted their dignity and self-respect. They are currently lessened reduced to occurring in the foul debris of their socio-economic and cultural ruin. Likewise, the residents who can escape, are relegated to the status of unwanted messy pe rsons in exile in almost part of the global environment. No one refuses the possible occurrence of the Somalian population. Likewise, there is a popular sentiment to try to eliminate the post-colonial environment initially.  In terms of the religious of the political management of the Somalian Economy, the 1980s time period, as well as the early 1990s centered on the regimes of Samuel Doe in Liberia and Siad Barre in Somalia, crashed under the continuing pressure of the local guerrilla attacks. The end of such kingdoms had not been followed by the implementation of the new laws. The regimes had been defeated, but the Somalian country had fallen. One big reason for the end of the regimes had personalized and privatised the state. The fall of the regimes had resulted to the demise of the nation. In addition, Einar Braathan (109) states religion was also instrumental in the political disintegration of the state. The Somalian disintegration will be pinpointed as a downfall of territor y-wide authority with a concomitant breakdown of state institutions, covering everything from civil service, army and police to schools and electricity supply, and including internationally recognized structures of governance (Hall 61). This does not mean there is no governance or that a state of anarchy follows state collapse. Various political and military structures imposed themselves on the territories of Somalia and Liberia. Guerrilla groups like the Somali National Movement (SNM), as well as the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), had seemed evidently organized (or disorganized) as the Somali and Liberian states. These two guerrilla groups established political units on parts of the territory after the breakdown of the Liberian and Somali states.  Further, Einar Braathan (109) proposes religion aids in the transcending of the discourse on the politics of engaging in war. The two main ideas behind this volume have been a) to shed critical light on the reduction of Afr ican civil wars to ethnic conflicts, and b) to argue for the emergence of civil wars as the result of political struggles over power, resources and identities. The religion-inspired political Somalian environment implements its rehabilitation of Africa by instituting some variables that are generally used to understand the war in another locality had not been preferred of in terms of the African civil wars (Akou,27). In addition, Anna Simons (97) emphasized the pastoral ideology as well as urban occurrences â€Å"Although the previous chapters set forth the parameters of the collapse of the Somali state, we have not yet considered the effect these expatriate and chronological impacts had on traditional Somali institutions, or how they shaped daily life in Mogadishu for the very Somalis on whom expatriates based their knowledge of Somalia. In the following chapters, I examine a variety of institutions that have continued to persist in the urban setting, having been carried over from pastoral sources. Although these institutions have surely altered in meaning and purpose with the distances traveled (through space and time), the pastoral setting itself has also evolved so that pastoralism, as it is practiced today, is not the same pastoralism early explorers viewed or I. M. Lewis studied†. In addition, the theories that had originated from the pastoralism style of religious practice had retained an integral part of the Somalian urban environment. In addition, on the ideological level, we again see confluences: of a rhetorically national Somalia being constructed at the same era national politics requires the dismemberment into some interest parts depicted as both prior to and had ever since independence. In addition, the combining features of all Somalis include the sharing the same language and practicing the same Islamic religious policies that are implemented to help produce a sense of coherent Somalian nationalism (Morrison 13). Clearly, the two areas themselves had been used as pawns of war. In terms, historical religion-inspired political Somalian environment, (Simmons 39) reiterated the â€Å"present decadence of neighboring Berberah is caused by petty internal feuds. Girhajis the eldest son of Ishak al-Hazrami, seized the mountain ranges of Gulays and Wagar lying about forty miles behind the coast, while Awal, the cadet, established himself and his descendants upon the lowlands from Berberah to Zayla. Both these powerful tribes assert a claim to the customs and profits of the port on the grounds that they jointly conquered it from the Gallas. The Habr Awal, however, being in possession, would monopolize the right: a blood feud rages and the commerce of the place suffers from the dissensions of the owners†. Besides, the Habr Awal tribe is commonly having internal quarrels. The two septs, the Ayyal Yunis Nuh and the Ayyal Ahmad Nuh, established themselves as coming from the community known as Berberah. The former can be identified as plentiful and numerous.  Jeffrey M. Herbst (229) insists the religion-inspired political Somalian environment looks to the United States to protect its patrimony as well as economic partnership (Hirschey 289). The lessons of Somalia used for the future United States Foreign Policy includes the United States focusing on the act to â€Å"flex its undeniable muscle for the betterment of less fortunate peoples across the globe depends on defining the national self-interest in a manner that would support the existing imperatives of liberal internationalism against the powerful, quickly allied forces of entropy, disdain, isolationism, and national narcissism. That is the new challenge for U.S. foreign policy and the makers of U.S. foreign policy, wounded as it and they have been by the mistakes made during and as a result of the U.S. intervention in Somalia†.  The above quote clearly shows that the United States continues one of its primary functions of focusing o n its national legal priorities by centering on using force in dealing with Somalia’s affairs with other nations around the world to ensure its political affairs trickle down to economic gains (Foresman 20). The processes of intrusion have differed from the classical gunboat diplomacy to the implementation of proxy wars as well as occupation of relevant areas. It is very clear that isolationism can be defined as the fear of being entangled in the messy imbroglios of foreigners–has always been second nature to Americans. In addition, religion-inspired political Somalian environment political implements persuasive adventures in foreign lands that include the strive for clarification as well as the gesture to override the Somalian population’s national interests, not just to focus on the necessities of Somalia’s foreign policy requirements. In addition, many of the intervention activities include controversy resolutions with external as well as internal disp utes, with criticism generated from some generations from some disgruntled quarters. In terms of the religion-inspired political Somalian environment, Clarke (20) emphasized â€Å"Operation Restore Hope covered 40 percent of Somalia. It was limited to the central and southern regions, and neither UNITAF nor UNOSOM, with some almost irrelevant exceptions, established a presence in the northwestern or northeastern areas of the country. However, the operation had an impact on all of Somalia, and its effects countrywide are the focus of this chapter†. The religion-inspired political Somalian environment includes the use of international efforts to bring back the original Somali justice system that includes fundamental flaws in operational planning and implementation. Hopefully, reflecting the country’s significant concentration on Mogadishu, UNITAF did not generate a successful activity to capitalize on the successful Australian program to restructure the Somali police and judiciary in Baidoa and the Bay region. The Somalian political strategy includes accepting the United States’ plan to proceed with its Operation Restore Hope did not follow successful lessons from the Gulf War, after which civil affairs units in Kuwait aided in restricting the police and judiciary. The Somalian police and judiciary, after the overthrow of Siad Barre After January 1991, was helpless when Somalia descended into anarchy and disintegrated into clan dominated areas. The process of tribal fiefdoms disputes, many areas did perform politically and economically better than other regions of Somalia. Specifically, before January 1991, the Somali National Police Force numbered had reached an estimated 15,000 persons around the country. It had been segregated into eighteen regional divisions with approximately ninety police stations located in the districts and over 100 police personnel. Islam religion on Somalia’s Political Environment Further, Carl Brown (9) emp hasized the Islam religion was very instrumental in the political process of government the nations. Carl Brown reiterated â€Å"others, even if aware that the Middle East contains many inhabitants other than Arabs, are inclined to think that the Muslim world and the Middle East are roughly coterminous. It is true that the Middle Eastern population is about 90 percent Muslim, but all the Muslims of the Middle East still add up to a minority of the world’s Muslim population. Even when defining the Middle East broadly to embrace the entire Arab world from Morocco to the Arabian Peninsula plus Iran, Israel, and Turkey the Muslims thus included are only slightly more than one-third of the world’s Muslim population† (Brown 9). In terms of comparison, the most significant Muslim state, Indonesia, is found in SouthEast Asia. Likewise, the first four Muslim states in terms of population are all outside the Middle East. Those nations are: Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and (surprising to many) India with more than over 100 million Muslims. In terms of comparison, the Muslim population represents 60 percent of the total Christian community around the world. Comparing Islam to Christianity (Schmidt 119), the Muslim â€Å"Church Government† differs from the Christian religious teachings. In Islam, there is no separation of church and state, of religious organization as contrasted with a political organization. Likewise, the difference in religious teachings proceeds to different political priorities (Nasr10). There are several chances to offer adjustments to the assertions. Specifically, Carl Brown (29) one significant difference between Islam and Christianity is that Islam knows no church in the sense of a corporate body whose leadership is clearly defined, hierarchical, and distinct from the state. The organizational arrangement of Muslim religious specialists, or ulama, generates an institutional disagreement between Muslim church and Musl im state virtually impossible. Meaning, an ‘alim may state the many negative comments and other aspects of the ruler. However, the same person cannot canonical call a Muslim â€Å"church council.† In addition, the Nor has opportunities to pass his charges up the Muslim religious hierarchy until a Muslim equivalent of pope or council or synod renders a judgment binding on all members of the â€Å"church.† This, at least, upholds as a massive generalization for Sunni Islam. As for Twelver Shi’ism, the pronouncements of Iran’s Ayatullah Khomeini and the mullahs in Iran points to the recommendation that the clergy there are more nearly a recognizable â€Å"church† hierarchy. This Sunni-Shi’i distinction calls for separate treatment. In terms of the historical bases of traditional Muslim and Christian political theory most Muslims and most Christians have for centuries lived just like most of the people living in Somalia and other countries where there are possible groups of Muslim residents, Even the religio-political struggles within Christendom and Islamdom have usually been intrafaith, such as Protestant versus Catholic or Sunni versus Shi’ I Muslim groups. In addition, Carl Brown (68) reiterated â€Å"a perceptive British diplomat whose long service in the Middle East began early in this century captured the cultural counterpart to the Muslim theological tradition of political quietism in writing: The Egyptian man in the street is very quick to recognize the facts of power; he does not have to be blown out of cannons, or even harshly treated to conform. He will support long years of humiliation and, indeed, of ill-treatment, buoyed by the golden certainty that somewhere along the road includes a banana-skin on which the object of his dislike is bound one day to put his heel†.  Another evocative illustration comes from the great Egyptian nationalist leader, Sa’d Zaghlul, who in an often made public speeches before a huge crowd to express here hope that the day will arrive come when the Egyptian ceased regarding government the way the bird views the hunter. The sense of impotence before Somalian leadership is also well displayed in the story of village notables who had focused on sending a group of representatives to the Ottoman capital asking for the removal of an oppressive governor. When the governor was able to know their strike plan, he called the group to his house, escorted them to a secret room, pointed out a chest and told them to open it. It was almost filled with lots of gold coins and other large quantities of precious metals. Stated that he was responsible for increase the locality’s gold reserves. Consequently, the strikers called off their strike plans.  Also, Carl Brown (52) reiterated â€Å"From this internal perspective it is not so much that Muslim societies failed to link Islamic thought with political practice but that the Muslim self-imag e gave preeminent importance to the ideals of unity and community. To clarify this interpretation of Islamic political thought, let us recall two fundamental points already adumbrated in a somewhat different context. First, the clear relationship of the traditional Muslim political theory for all later thinking about the role of the state and the political community plus the natural tendency of any scriptural religion to emphasize the historical period when the scriptures were revealed combined to give the political model of the idealized early umma an unquestionable part in later Muslim philosophies about Somalian politics. In addition, a hierarchically that includes a structured clergy charged with establishing doctrine never developed in the Islamic residents’ area, the religion-inspired political Somalian environment shows there is no effective institutional way to reconcile differences between religious dogma and political practice. In terms of the roots of political pes simism, â€Å"Islamic political thought or, more precisely, Muslim attitudes toward politics and the state produced a paradox that can be expressed as follows: Islam emphasizes the religious importance of man’s deeds in this world. Islam decidedly does not turn its back on mundane matters. Islam, moreover, grew up in early political success. After that, the overwhelming majority of the world’s Muslims usually lived free of political threat from non-Muslims—until modern times.  Muslims generally hold on the religious philosophy that the early umma, which, unlike the early Christian Church, was a this-worldly religious, political community par excellence. Yet, this very Islam with such character focused one created a political culture that nurtured a pessimistic attitude toward politics and, out of this political pessimism, a submissive attitude toward government. While never developing anything like the Christian separation of church and state, Islamic cultur e did foster a de facto separation of state and society. This separation of state and society was never explicitly recognized as legitimate. The idealized early umma as led by the Prophet and after that the four rightly guided caliphs (and the equivalent imamate of Shi’ism) was the only legitimate model of Islamic government. Based on the above discussion, religion affects politics in Somalia, especially since the country is unstable. The religious influences affect the Somalian political activities. The research shows that Islam as one of the religions that has precipitated to the Somalian country into the political abyss known as unstableness. The research discussion indicates Islam is a government benchmark guide in terms of political policies implemented within and outside the Somalian political environment. 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London: Westview , 1997. Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. Islam: Religion, History, and Civilisation. London: Harper Press, 2003. Reilly, Frank K. Investments. London: Dryden Pres s, 1986 Morrison, Joseph S. Political Islam. London: ABC Press, 2010. Schmidt, Bettina E. Continuum Internatonal. London: Continuum International Press, 2010. Simons, Anna. Networks of Dissolution: Somalia Undone. London: Westview Press, 1995. This essay on The Relationship Between Religion and Politics in Somalia was written and submitted by user Maxx Bates to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.